[Click here for syllabus (Fall 2001)]

Introduction & Overview

Foundations

Hart, Henry M., Jr., The Aims of the Criminal Law, 23 Law & Contemp. Probs. 401 (1958) (culpability)
Laylin, Clarence E. & Alonzo H. Tuttle, Due Process and Punishment, 20 Mich. L. Rev. 614 (1922)
Packer, Herbert L., Mens Rea and the Supreme Court, 1962 Sup. Ct. Rev. 107 (culpability)

First Wave

Allen, Ronald Jay, Mullaney v. Wilbur, the Supreme Court, and the Substantive Criminal Law--An Examination of the Limits of Legislative Intervention, 55 Tex. L. Rev. 269 (1977)
Angel, Marina, Substantive Due Process and the Criminal Law, 9 Loyola U.L.J. 61 (1977)
Dubin, Gary V., Mens Rea Reconsidered: A Plea for a Due Process Concept of Criminal Responsibility, 18 Stan. L. Rev. 322 (1966) (culpability)
Erlinder, C. Peter, Mens Rea, Due Process, and the Supreme Court: Toward a Constitutional Doctrine of Substantive Criminal Law, 9 Am. J. Crim. L. 163 (1981) (culpability)
Greenawalt, Kent, "Uncontrollable" Actions and the Eighth Amendment: Implications of Powell v. Texas, 69 Colum. L. Rev. 927 (1969)
Hindes, Thomas L., Morality Enforcement Through the Criminal Law and the Modern Doctrine of Substantive Due Process, 126 U. Pa. L. Rev. 344 (1977) (harm)
Hippard, James J. , Sr., The Unconstitutionality of Criminal Liability Without Fault: An Argument for a Constitutional Doctrine of Mens Rea, 10 Hous. L. Rev. 1039 (1973) (culpability)
Jeffries, John Calvin, Jr. & Paul B. Stephan III., Defenses, Presumptions, and Burden of Proof in the Criminal Law, 88 Yale L.J. 1325 (1979)
Mackey, David S., Rationality Versus Proportionality: Reconsidering the Constitutional Limits on Criminal Sanctions, 51 Tenn. L. Rev. 623 (1984) (ultima ratio)
Packer, Herbert L., Making the Punishment Fit the Crime, 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1071 (1964)
------, The Aims of the Criminal Law Revisited: A Plea for a New Look at "Substantive Due Process," 44 S. Cal. L. Rev. 490 (1971)
Saltzman, Alan, Strict Criminal Liability and the United States Constitution: Substantive Criminal Law Due Process, 24 Wayne L. Rev. 1571 (1978) (culpability)

Revival

Bilionis, Louis D., Process, the Constitution, and Substantive Criminal Law, 96 Mich. L. Rev. 1269 (1998) (culpability)
Finkelstein, Claire, Positivism and the Notion of an Offense, 88 Calif. L. Rev. 335 (2000) (harm)
Ku, Raymond, Swingers: Morality Legislation and the Limits of State Police Power, 12 St. Thomas L. Rev. 1 (1999) (harm)
McCabe, Neil Colman, State Constitutions and Substantive Criminal Law, 71 Temple L. Rev. 521 (1998)
Michaels, Alan C., Constitutional Innocence, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 828 (1999) (culpability)
Singer, Richard  & Douglas Husak, Of Innocence and Innocents: The Supreme Court and Mens Rea Since Herbert Packer, 2 Buff. Crim. L. R. 859 (1999) (culpability)
Stuntz, William J., Substance, Process, and the Civil-Criminal Line, 7 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 1 (1996)

Comparison

Nestler, Cornelius, Constitutional Principles, Criminal Law Principles, and German Drug Law, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 661 (1998) (harm & ultima ratio)
Shute, Stephen, With and Without Constitutional Restraints: A Comparison Between the Criminal Law of England and America, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 329 (1998)

U.S. Supreme Court Justices (in chronological order)

Preliminary

Purposes of Punishment & Penal Law

Model Penal Code § 1.02; New York Penal Law § 1.05; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 994(c) & (d))
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) (8th am.) [oral argument (audio)]*
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) (8th am.) [oral argument (audio)]*
Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments (1778)
Dubber, Markus, Punishment Theories (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)
------, Sources of Criminal Law (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Criminal vs. Civil Sanctions

Model Penal Code §§ 1.02, 1.04; New York Penal Law §§ 5.10(3), 60.30
Dep’t of Revenue v. Kurth Ranch, 511 U.S. 767 (1994)
United States v. Ursery, 518 U.S. 267 (1996) [oral argument (audio)]*
Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71 (1992)
Kansas v. Hendricks, 117 S. Ct. 2072 (1997) [oral argument (audio)]*
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997)
United States v. Ward, 448 U.S. 242 (1980)

Cruel and Unusual Punishments (and Excessive Fines)

In General

U.S. Constitution amend. 8
Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86 (1958) [oral argument (audio)]*
Dubber, Markus, Eighth Amendment (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)
------, Cruel and Unusual Punishments, in Encyclopedia of Crime & Justice (Joshua Dressler ed. 2d. ed 2001)

Scope

Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977)

Definition (substantive criminal law)

General Principles of Liability  (see infra)
Proportionality  (see infra)

Imposition (criminal procedure)

not covered

Infliction (prison law)

not covered

Double Jeopardy (ne bis in idem)

U.S. Constitution amend. 5
Model Penal Code §§ 1.07-.11; New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 40
Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978)
Kennedy, Oregon v., 456 U.S. 667 (1982)
Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82 (1985)
United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435 (1989)
Weaselhead, United States v., 156 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 1998)
State v. Verive, 128 Ariz. 570 (Ct. App. 1981)

Principle of Legality (nulla poena sine lege)

U.S. Constitution art. 1, §§ 9 & 10, amend. 5
Model Penal Code § 1.02(1)(d); New York Penal Law § 1.05(2)
Jeffries, John Calvin, Jr., Legality, Vagueness, and the Construction of Penal Statutes, 71 Va. L. Rev. 189 (1985)
Allen, Francis A., The Erosion of Legality in American Criminal Justice, 29 Ariz. L. Rev. 385 (1987)
Dubber, Markus, Constitutional Limitations: Legality (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

1. Legislativity

Model Penal Code § 1.05; New York Penal Law (not codified)
United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. 32 (1812)
Lamphere's Case, 61 Mich. 105 (1886)
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989) [oral argument (audio)]*
Howell v. State, 238 Ga. 95 (1976)
Kahan, Dan M., Three Conceptions of Federal Criminal-Lawmaking, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 5 (1997)

2. Lenity

Model Penal Code § 1.02(3); New York Penal Law § 5.00
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. 76 (1820)
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931)
United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971)
Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227 (1999)
Kahan, Dan M., Lenity and Federal Common Law Crimes, 1994 Sup. Ct. Rev. 345

3. Specificity

Model Penal Code § 1.02(3); New York Penal Law § 5.00
Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451 (1939)
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156 (1972)
Rose v. Locke, 423 U.S. 48 (1975)
Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983) [oral argument (audio)]*
City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 119 S. Ct. 1849 (1999) (affirming 177 Ill.2d 440 (1997)) [oral argument (audio)]*
People v. Fernandez, 93 Misc.2d 127 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1978)
Newsome, United States v., 492 F.2d 1166 (2d Cir. 1974)
Bright, People v., 71 N.Y.2d 376 (1988)
People v. Nelson, 69 N.Y.2d 302 (1987)

4. Prospectivity

U.S. Constitution art. 1, §§ 9 & 10
Model Penal Code § 1.01(2)-(4); New York Penal Law § 5.00
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386 (1798)
Cummings v. Missouri, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 277 (1867)
Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347 (1964)
State v. Longino, 109 Miss. 125 (1915)
Fiore v. White, 149 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 1998)
Kahan, Dan M., Some Realism About Retroactive Criminal Lawmaking, 3 Roger Williams U. L. Rev. 95 (1997)

5. Publicity

The Cotton Planter, 6 F. Cas. 620 (Cir. Ct. D.N.Y. 1810)

Burden of Proof: Reasonable Doubt

U.S. Constitution amend. 5
Model Penal Code § 1.12; New York Criminal Procedure Law art. 70
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1 (1994)
United States v. Watts, 117 S. Ct. 633 (1997)
Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998)
Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227 (1999)
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000)
Dubber, Markus, Presumption of Innocence (Burden of Proof & Presumptions) (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Actus Reus

Model Penal Code §§ 1.13(2)-(7), 2.01; New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(1)-(5), 15.10
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) [oral argument (audio)]*
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968)
Denoncourt v. Commonwealth, 504 Pa. 191, 470 A.2d 945 (1983)
Proctor v. State, 176 P. 771, 15 Okla. Crim. 338 (Ct. Crim. App. Okla. 1918)
Dubber, Markus, Actus Reus (web lesson) (© CALI)

Omission Offenses

Model Penal Code §§ 1.13(4)-(7), 2.01(3); New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(3)-(5), 15.10
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)

Status Offenses

Model Penal Code §§ 1.13(2)-(7), 2.01; New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(1)-(5), 15.10
Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962) [oral argument (audio)]*
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) [oral argument (audio)]*
Powell v. Texas, 392 U.S. 514 (1968)
Pottinger v. City of Miami, 810 F.Supp. 1551 (S.D. Fla. 1992)

Possession Offenses

Model Penal Code § 2.01(4); New York Penal Law §§ 10.00(8), 15.00(2)
United States v. Lopez,  514 U.S. 549 (1995) [oral argument (audio)]*

Mens Rea (see comparative chart)

Model Penal Code § 2.02; New York Penal Law §§ 15.00(6), 15.05
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979)
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394 (1980)
Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419 (1985)
Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991)
Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994)
United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc., 513 U.S. 64 (1994)
United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F. Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)  (Weinstein, J.)
Packer, Herbert L., Mens Rea and the Supreme Court, 1962 Sup. Ct. Rev. 107

Absolute Liability

Model Penal Code § 2.05; New York Penal Law § 15.10
Shevlin-Carpenter Company v. Minnesota, 218 U.S. 57 (1910)
United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250 (1922)
Dotterweich v. United States, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246 (1952)
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957)
United States v. Freed, 401 U.S. 601 (1971)
United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp., 402 U.S. 558 (1971)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
United States v. Delahoussaye, 573 F.2d 910 (5th Cir. 1978)
United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F. Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y. 1993)
Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600 (1994)

Felony Murder

Model Penal Code § 210.2(1)(b); New York Penal Law § 125.25(3)

Causation

Model Penal Code § 2.03; New York Penal Law (not codified)
Dubber, Markus, Causation (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Mistake

Model Penal Code § 2.04; New York Penal Law § 15.20

Liability for Another's Conduct; Complicity

Model Penal Code § 2.06; New York Penal Law art. 20

Liability of Persons Acting, or Under a Duty to Act, in Behalf of a Corporation

Model Penal Code § 2.07; New York Penal Law §§ 20.20-.25
United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943)
United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975)
Koczwara, Commonwealth v., 397 Pa. 575 (1959)

Intoxication

Model Penal Code § 2.08; New York Penal Law §§ 15.05(3), 15.25
Egelhoff, Montana v., 518 U.S. 37 (1996) [oral argument (audio)]*

Duress

Model Penal Code § 2.09; New York Penal Law § 40.00
Bailey, United States v., 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624 (1980)

Military Orders

Model Penal Code § 2.10; New York Penal Law (not codified)

Entrapment

Model Penal Code § 2.13; New York Penal Law § 40.05
Russell, United States v., 411 U.S. 423 (1973)
Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484 (1976)
Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992)
United States v. Mosley, 965 F.2d 906 (10th Cir. 1992)
United States v. Boyd, 55 F.3d 239 (7th Cir. 1995)
People v. Isaacson, 44 N.Y.2d 511 (1978)
State v. Fogarty, 128 N.J. 59 (1992)
State v. Vallejos, 945 P.2d 957 (N.M. 1997)

De Minimis

Model Penal Code § 2.12; New York Penal Law (not codified)

Choice of Evils

Model Penal Code § 3.02; New York Penal Law § 35.05(2)
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) [oral argument (audio)]*
German Constitutional Court, 39 BVerfGE 1 (1975)
United States v. Holmes, 26 F.Cas. 360 (E.D. Pa. 1842)
United States v. Gomez, 92 F.3d 770 (9th Cir. 1996)

Use of Force in Defense of Self, Other, or Property

Model Penal Code §§ 3.04-.07; New York Penal Law §§ 35.15-.25
Peterson, United States v., 483 F.2d 1222 (D.C. Cir. 1973)
Martin v. Ohio, 480 U.S. 228 (1987)
State v. Leidholm, 334 N.W.2d 811 (N.D. 1983)

Law Enforcement

U.S. Constitution amend. 4
Model Penal Code § 3.07; New York Penal Law § 35.30
Garner, Tennessee v., 471 U.S. 1 (1985)

Consent

Model Penal Code § 2.11; New York Penal Law (not codified)
Glucksberg, Washington v., ___ U.S. ___ (June 26, 1997)
Vacco v. Quill,  ___ U.S. ___ (No. 95-1858, June 26, 1997)
Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)
Dubber, Markus, Consent (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Mistakes

Model Penal Code § 3.09; New York Penal Law § 15.20

In General

Dubber, Markus,  Excuses I: Duress, Entrapment, Mistake (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)
------, Excuses II: Insanity and Infancy (interactive web lesson) (© CALI)

Insanity

Model Penal Code § 4.01; New York Penal Law § 40.15
Leland v. Oregon, 343 U.S. 790 (1952)
Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986)
Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573 (1994)
Finger v. State, 27 P.2d 66 (Nev. 2001)
Sinclair v. State, 161 Miss. 142, 132 So. 581 (1931)
State v. Strasburg, 60 Wash. 106, 110 P. 1020 (1910)

Diminished Capacity

Model Penal Code § 4.02; New York Penal Law (not codified)

Model Penal Code art. 5; New York Penal Law arts. 100-115

Attempt

Model Penal Code § 5.01; New York Penal Law art. 110

Facilitation

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law art. 115

Solicitation

Model Penal Code § 5.02; New York Penal Law art. 100
Wilson, United States v., 565 F. Supp. 1416 (S.D.N.Y. 1983)

Conspiracy

Model Penal Code § 5.03; New York Penal Law arts. 105, 460
Pinkerton, United States v., 328 U.S. 640 (1946)
Callanan v. United States, 364 U.S. 587 (1961)

Model Penal Code arts. 6 & 7; New York Penal Law arts. 55-85, 410,415,420, 480, § 460.30; New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1800 & 1801; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 994(c) & (d)); U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361 (1989)

Death Penalty

Model Penal Code § 210.6; New York Penal Law §§ 60.06, 125.27
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972) [oral argument (audio)]*
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) [oral argument (audio)]*
Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977) [oral argument (audio)]*
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978) [oral argument (audio)]*
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)

Proportionality

Penalty to Offense

Death Penalty

Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977) [oral argument (audio)]*
Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782 (1982)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)

Recidivist Statutes

Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263 (1980) [oral argument (audio)]*
Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370 (1982)
Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277 (1983) [oral argument (audio)]*
Romero, People v., 13 Cal. 4th 497 (1996)

Other

Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991) [oral argument (audio)]*
Austin v. United States, 509 U.S. 602 (1993)
United States v. Bajakajian, 118 S. Ct. 2028 (1998) [oral argument (audio)]*

Penalty to Offender

Death Penalty

Ford v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986)
Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302 (1989) [oral argument (audio)]*
Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988) [oral argument (audio)]*
Stanford v. Kentucky, 492 U.S. 361 (1989) [oral argument (audio)]*

Framework

Lawton v. Steele, 152 U.S. 133 (1894) (police power)
Delmonico v. State, 155 So. 2d 368 (Fla. 1963) (police power)
Saiez, State v.,  489 So. 2d 1125 (Fla. 1986) (police power)
McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184 (1964) (strict strict scrutiny)
Bonadio, Commonwealth v., 490 Pa. 91 (1980) (due process; autonomy)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984) (equal protection)

Model Penal Code (n/a); New York Penal Law (n/a); U.S. Constitution art. 3 § 3; U.S. Code, 18 U.S.C. ch. 115

Homicide

Model Penal Code art. 210; New York Penal Law art. 125

Murder

Model Penal Code § 210.2; New York Penal Law §§ 125.25-.27
Franklin, Francis v., 471 U.S. 307 (1985)
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) [oral argument (audio)]*
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978) [oral argument (audio)]*

Felony Murder

Model Penal Code § 210.2(1)(b); New York Penal Law § 125.25(3)
Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 (1987)

Manslaughter

Model Penal Code § 210.3; New York Penal Law §§ 125.12-.20

Provocation

Model Penal Code § 210.3(b); New York Penal Law §§ 125.20(2), .25(1)(a), .27(2)(a)
Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975)
Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977)
Hamilton, United States v., 182 F.Supp. 548 (D.D.C.1960)

Negligent Homicide

Model Penal Code § 210.4; New York Penal Law § 125.10

Assisted Suicide

Model Penal Code § 210.5; New York Penal Law § 120.30
Glucksberg, Washington v., 521 U.S. 702 (1997) [oral argument (audio)]*
Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793 (1997) [oral argument (audio)]*
Kevorkian, People v., 447 Mich. 436 (1994)

Assault

Model Penal Code art. 211; New York Penal Law art. 120, § 205.50(4)

Kidnapping & Coercion

Model Penal Code art. 212; New York Penal Law art. 135

Libel

Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S. 250 (1952)
New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) (civil libel)
Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964)
Tollett v. United States, 485 F.2d 1087 (8th Cir. 1973)

Model Penal Code art 213; New York Penal Law art. 130
Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986) [oral argument (audio)]*
Bonadio, Commonwealth v., 490 Pa. 91 (1980)
Powell v. State, 270 Ga. 327 (1998)
Evans, People v., 85 Misc.2d 1088 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
People v. Reilly, 85 Misc.2d 702 (1976)
People v. Onofre, 51 N.Y.2d 476 (1980)
Whidden, People v., 51 N.Y.2d 457 (1980)
Liberta, People v., 64 N.Y.2d 152 (1984)
Thompson, People v., 72 N.Y.2d 410 (1988)
Fischer, Commonwealth v., 721 A.2d 1111 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998)
Dieudonne, People v., 143 Misc. 2d 559 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1989)
In re Jessie C., 164 A.D.2d 731 (N.Y. App. Div. 1991)

Arson

Model Penal Code art. 220; New York Penal Law arts. 145, 150, §§ 156.20- .27, .50

Burglary

Model Penal Code art. 221; New York Penal Law art. 140

Robbery

Model Penal Code art. 222; New York Penal Law art. 160

Theft

Model Penal Code art. 223; New York Penal Law arts. 155, 165, 275, 420, §§ 156.05, .10, .30, .35, .50; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 133)

Forgery & Fraud

Model Penal Code art. 224; New York Penal Law arts. 158, 165, 170, 175, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190, 460, 470

Model Penal Code art. 230; New York Penal Law §§ 125.40-.60, arts. 255, 260, 263

Contraception

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965) [oral argument (audio)]*
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972) [oral argument (audio)]*

Abortion

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) [oral argument (audio)]*

Miscegenation

McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184 (1964)
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)
Green v. State, 58 Ala. 190 (1877)

Bigamy

Sexual Misconduct (Bestiality, Necrophilia)

Bribery

Model Penal Code art. 240; New York Penal Law arts. 195, 200, 215

Perjury & Other Falsification

Model Penal Code art. 241; New York Penal Law arts. 200, 215

Obstruction

Model Penal Code art. 242; New York Penal Law arts. 195, 205; New York Judiciary Law art. 19

Abuse of Office

Model Penal Code art. 243; New York Penal Law art. 195

Riot & Disorderly Conduct

Model Penal Code art. 250; New York Penal Law arts. 240, 250

Breach of the Peace

De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353 (1936)
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)
Herndon v. Lowry, 301 U.S. 242 (1937)
Edwards v. South Carolina, 372 U.S. 229 (1963)

Blue Laws

McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420 (1961) [oral argument (audio)]*
Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599 (1961) [oral argument (audio)]*

Deprivation of Civil Rights

18 U.S.C. § 242
Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91 (1945)

Harassment & Hate Crimes

Model Penal Code § 250.4; New York Penal Law § 240.31
R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)  [oral argument (audio)]*
Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993)
State v. Wyant, 64 Ohio St. 3d 566 (1992)
People v. Dupont, 107 A.D.2d 247 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985)

Loitering

Model Penal Code § 250.6; New York Penal Law §§ 240.35-.37
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) [oral argument (audio)]*
Newsome, United States v., 492 F.2d 1166 (2d Cir. 1974)

Nuisance

Model Penal Code §§ 250.2, .7; New York Penal Law §§ 240.45-.46; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 294)

Public Indecency

Model Penal Code art. 251; New York Penal Law arts. 230, 235, 240, 245, 410
Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) ("desecration of a venerated object" ) [oral argument (audio)]*
People v. Hollman, 68 N.Y.2d 202 (1986)

Obscenity

Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) [oral argument (audio)]*
Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969) [oral argument (audio)]*
Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103 (1990) [oral argument (audio)]*
Free Speech Coalition v. Reno, 198 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir. 1999), cert. granted, 121 S. Ct. 876 (2001)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law art. 156

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 220, 221, 480
Davis, People v., 33 N.Y.2d 221 (1973)
Leyva, People v., 38 N.Y.2d 160 (1975)
Carter, People v., 80 Misc. 2d 1081 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1975)
Lam Lek Chon, People v., 45 N.Y.2d 64 (1978)
Betances, People v., 145 A.D.2d 961 (N.Y. App. Div. 1988)
Rivas v. United States, 734 A.2d 655 (D.C. Ct. App. 1999)
Nestler, Cornelius, Constitutional Principles, Criminal Law Principles, and German Drug Law, 1 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 661 (1998)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 225, 415; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 75, 213)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 460, 470; U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. chs. 95 & 96)

Model Penal Code §§ 5.06-.07; New York Penal Law arts. 265, 400

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Banking Law (e.g., art. 13-D, § 656)
Saiez, State v.,  489 So. 2d 1125 (Fla. 1986)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Environmental Conservation Law (e.g., art. 71); New York Parks, Recreation, & Historic Preservation Law (e.g., art. 27); County Codes (e.g., Erie County Administrative Code § 9.06); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 216, 235, 337, 467)
Lawton v. Steele, 152 U.S. 133 (1894)
Delmonico v. State, 155 So. 2d 368 (Fla. 1963)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Public Health Law (e.g., art. 28, § 2805-b, -f, art. 28-D, § 2897-b, art. 34, § 3455, art. 35, § 3512)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Multiple Dwelling Law (e.g., art. 8, § 304); New York Multiple Residence Law (art. 8, § 304)
Moore v. City of East of Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494 (1977) (zoning)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Labor Law (e.g., art. 7, §§ 209, 213); New York Workers’ Compensation Law (e.g., art. 7, §§ 110, 114, 125, 131)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Alcoholic Beverage Control Law (e.g., art. 8, § 130)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Military Law (e.g., art. 11, §§ 236, 238, 238-a, 238-b, 240, 251, 252)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Judiciary Law (e.g., art. 15, §§ 476, 478-89, 491-95 476, 478-89, 491-95); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo chs. 144, 165, 213, 238, 326, 437)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Penal Law arts. 270, 400, 405; City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo ch. 370 (restaurant occupancy limits))

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Tax Law (e.g., art. 37); City Codes (e.g., Code of the City of Buffalo art. 28, ch. 281)

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York General Business Law (e.g., art. 2, §§ 4, 13, 16, art. 3, §§ 24, 26, art. 4, § 32(7), art. 5, § 54, art. 6-B, §§ 69, 69-c, art. 6-D, § 69-v, art. 7, §§ 70, 73, 75, 80-82, 84, art. 8-C, § 89-www, art. 9, §§ 90, 91, 93-95, 97-110, art. 9-A, §§ 119, 120, 124-27, art. 9-B, §§ 130(9), 131-36, 140-42, art. 10, § 159, art. 11, §§ 190, 193, art. 12, § 206-c, art. 13, §§ 229-a to -i, art. 13-A, § 237, art. 13-B, § 239-a, art. 14, §§ 246 to 248-a, art. 21, §§ 331, 334 to 338-a, art. 21-A, §§ 339-a to -f, art. 22-A, § 350); New York Real Property Actions & Proceedings Law (e.g., art. 2, § 232)

Reckless Driving

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Vehicle & Traffic Law § 1212

Driving While Intoxicated

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1192-1193

Others

Model Penal Code (not codified); New York Vehicle & Traffic Law §§ 1150 et seq. (pedestrians), 1230 et seq. (bicycles), 1800 & 1801 (penalties); New York Department of Motor Vehicles Regulations §§ 51.5 & 51.6 (tires)
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996) [oral argument (audio)]*

Adultery (Mich. Penal Code ch. V)
Blasphemy (Mich. Penal Code ch. XIV)
Concealing Death of Infant Child (Mich. Penal Code ch. XXIII)
Crime Against Nature or Sodomy (Mich. Penal Code ch. XXV)
Flag and Coat-of-Arms (Mich. Penal Code ch. XL)
Indians (Mich. Penal Code ch. XLIX)
Libel and Slander (Mich. Penal Code ch. LIV)
Miscellaneous  (Mich. Penal Code ch. LX)
   Convict or jail or prison inmate, taunting, accusing (Mich. Penal Code § 750.409)
   Solicitation of personal injury claims (Mich. Penal Code § 750.410)
   “Bed and breakfast” and “hotel” defined; prohibited acts; penalties (Mich. Penal Code § 750.411g)
   Posting message through electronic medium; prohibitions; penalty (Mich. Penal Code § 750.411s)
Seduction (Mich. Penal Code ch. LXXIX)
The Star Spangled Banner (Mich. Penal Code ch. LXXXIII)