§ 401. Accomplices.
(1) Liability Defined. A person may be convicted of an offense based upon the conduct
of another person when:
(a) acting with the kind of culpability required for the offense, he causes the other to engage
in such conduct; or
(b) with intent that an offense be committed, he commands, induces, procures, or aids the
other to commit it or, having a legal duty to prevent its commission, he fails to make proper
effort to do so; or
(c) he is a co-conspirator and his association with the offense meets the requirements of
either of the other paragraphs of this subsection.
A person is not liable under this subsection for the conduct of another person when he is
either expressly or by implication made not accountable for such conduct by the statute
defining the offense or related provisions, because he is a victim of the offense or otherwise.
(2) Defenses Precluded. Except as otherwise provided, in any prosecution in which the
liability of the defendant is based upon the conduct of another person, it is no defense that:
(a) the defendant does not belong to the class of persons who, because of their official
status or other capacity or characteristic, are by definition of the offense the only persons
capable of directly committing it; or
(b) the person for whose conduct the defendant is being held liable has been acquitted,
has not been prosecuted or convicted or has been convicted of a different offense, or is
immune from prosecution, or is otherwise not subject to justice.
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