Emanuel L. Advance directives: what have we learned so far?. J Clin Eth 1993; 4(1):8 16.
Greco PJ, Schulman KA, Lavizzo-Mourey R, Hansen-Flaschen J. The Patient Self-Determination Act and the future of advance directives. Ann Int Med 1991; 115:639-643.
La Puma J, Orentlicher D, Moss RJ. Advance directives on admission; Clinical implications and analysis of the Patient Self Determination Act of 1990". JAMA 1991; 266(3):402 5.
Brain Death and Severe CNS Injury
Truly Useful
Literature: Brain-Death Dilemmas from University of Pittsburgh Consortium Ethics
Program
Bernat JL, Culver CM, and Gert B. On the definition and criterion of death. Ann Int Med 1981; 94:389-384.
Black P McL. Brain death. N Engl J Med 1978; 299:334-344.
Giacino JT et al, The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002. 58(3):349-53.
Halevy A, Brody B. Brain death: reconciling definitions, criteria, and tests. Ann Int Med 1993; 119(6):519 25.
Kirkland L, Freer J, Truog R, Fackler J, Bartholme W, Morgan H. Brain death and the termination of life support: case and analysis. J Clin Eth. 1992; 3(1): 78-82.
Olick RS. Brain death, religious freedom, and public policy: New Jersey's landmark legislative initiative. Kenn Inst Eth J 1991; 1:275-288.
Truog RD. Is it time to abandon brain death? Hast Cent Rep Jan-Feb 1997; 27 (1):29-37.
Truog RD, Fackler JC. Rethinking Brain Death. Crit Care Med 1992; 20(12):1705 13.
Veatch RM. The impending collapse of the whole brain definition of death. Hast Cent Rep Jul-Aug 1993; 23(4):18 24.
Competence and Decision Making Capacity
Appelbaum PS, Grisso T. Assessing patients' capacities to consent to
treatment. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1635-8.
Emanuel EJ, Emanuel LL. Proxy decision making for incompetent patients. An ethical and empirical analysis. JAMA 1992; 267(15):2067 71.
Etchells E, Sharpe G, Elliott C, Singer PA. Bioethics for clinicians: 3. Capacity. Can Med Assoc J 1996: 155(6):657-61.
High DM. Surrogate decision making. Who will make decisions for me when I can't? Clin Ger Med. 1994; 10(3):445-62.
Sullivan MD, Youngner SJ. Depression, competence, and the right to refuse lifesaving medical treatment. Am J Psych1994; 151(7):971-8C.
CPR/DNR
Blackhall LJ. Must we always use CPR? N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1281-1285.
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. Guidelines for the appropriate use of Do-Not-Resuscitate orders. JAMA 1991; 265:1868-1871.
Schonwetter RS, Walker RM, Kramer DR, Robinson BE. Resuscitation decision making in the elderly: the value of outcome data. J Gen Intern Med 1993; 8:295-300.
Decision Making for Incapacitated Patients
Hansen-Flaschen JH. In the best interests of Helga Wanglie (Editorial).
Hospital Practice 1992; Feb. 28. pp. 8-12.
Lynn J. Procedures for making medical decisions for incompetent adults. JAMA 1992; 267(15):2082 4.
Seckler AB, Meier DE, Mulvihill M, Paris BE. Substituted judgment: how accurate are proxy predictions? Ann Int Med 1991; 115(2):92 8.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1983). Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment: ethical, medical, and legal issues in treatment decisions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1982): Making Health Care Decisions: the ethical and legal implications of informed consent in the patient-practitioner relationship, Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing office, vol. 1: report.
The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law (1987): Life Sustaining Treatment: making decisions and appointing a health care agent.
The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law (1992): When Others Must Choose: deciding for patients without capacity.
End of Life Care
Berry ZS, Lynn J. Hospice medicine. JAMA 1993; 270(2):221 3.
ACCP/SCCM Consensus Panel. Ethical and moral guidelines for the initiation, continuation and withdrawal of intensive care. Chest 1990; 97:949-958.
Adams J, Wolfson AB. Ethical issues in geriatric emergency medicine. Emer Med Clin No Amer 1990; 8(2): 183 92.
American Thoracic Society. withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy. Ann Int Med 1991; 115:478-485. {also appears in: Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 144:727-732.}
Brody H, Campbell ML Faber-Langendoen K, Ogle KS. Withdrawing intensive life-sustaining treatment -- recommendations for compassionate clinical management Sounding Board. N Engl J Med 1997; 336:(9).
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. Guidelines for the appropriate use of Do-Not-Resuscitate orders. JAMA 1991; 265:1868-1871.
Edwards BS, Ueno WM. Sedation before ventilator withdrawal. J Clin Eth 1991; 2: 118-122.
Lynn J, et.al. for the SUPPORT Investigators Perceptions by family members of the dying experience of older and seriously Ill patients. Ann Int Med 1997; 126:97-106.
Miller FG Fins JJ. A proposal to restructure hospital care for dying patients. Sounding Board. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1740-1742.
Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Consensus report on the ethics of foregoing life-sustaining treatments in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:1435-1439.
Wachter RM, Luce JM, Hearst N, Lo B. Decisions about resuscitation: inequities among patients with different diseases but similar prognoses. Ann Int Med 1989; 111:525-532.
Wanzer SH, Adelstein SJ, Cranford RE, et al. The physician's responsibility toward hopelessly ill patients. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:955-959.
Wanzer SH, Federman DD, Adelstein SJ, et al. The physician's responsibility toward hopelessly ill patients: a second look. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:844-849.
Ethics Committees
Truly Useful Literature: Ethics Committees
from University of Pittsburgh Consortium Ethics
Program
Truly Useful Literature: Ethics Consultation from University of Pittsburgh Consortium Ethics Program
Swenson MD, Miller RB. Ethics case review in health care institutions. Committees, consultants, or teams? Arch Int Med 1992; 152(4):694-7
La Puma J, Toulmin SE. Ethics consultants and ethics committees. Arch Int Med. 1989; 49(5):1109-12.
McCrary SV. Botkin JR. Hospital policy on advance directives. Do institutions ask patients about living wills?. JAMA. 1989; 262(17):2411-4.
Brennan TA. Ethics committees and decisions to limit care. The experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. JAMA. 1988; 260(6):803-7
Anonymous. Guidelines for ethics committees in health care institutions. Judicial Council. 1985; JAMA. 253(18):2698-9
Rosner F. Hospital medical ethics committees: a review of their development. 1985; JAMA. 253(18):2693-7.
Fost N. Cranford RE. Hospital ethics committees. Administrative aspects. JAMA. 1985; 253(18):2687-92.
Fleetwood J. Unger SS. Institutional ethics committees and the shield of immunity. Ann Int Med.1994; 120(4):320-5
Fletcher JC. Hoffmann DE. Ethics committees: time to experiment with standards, Ann Int Med. 1994; 120(4):335-8.
Niemira DA. Grassroots grappling: ethics committees at rural hospitals. Ann Int Med. 1988; 109(12):981-3.
Informed Consent and Medical Decision Making
Truly Useful Literature:
Informed Consent from University of Pittsburgh Consortium Ethics
Program
Emanuel EJ, Emanuel LL. Proxy decision making for incompetent patients. An ethical and empirical analysis. JAMA 1992; 267(15):2067 71.
Jackson DL, Youngner S. Patient autonomy and "death with dignity": some clinical caveats. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 404-408.
Miller BL. Autonomy & the refusal of lifesaving treatment. Hast Cent Rep Aug 1981; 12:22-28.
Wear S. Informed Consent: Patient Autonomy and Physician Beneficence within Clinical Medicine. Kluwer Academic. Boston, 1993.
Legal Issues
Greco PJ, Schulman KA, Lavizzo-Mourey R, Hansen-Flaschen J. The Patient
Self-determination Act and the future of advance directives. Ann Int Med
1991; 115:639-643.
Meisel A. Legal myths about terminating life support. Arch Int Med 1991; 151:1497-1502.
Meisel A. The legal consensus about forgoing life-sustaining treatment: its status and its prospects. Kenn Inst Eth J 1992; 2:309-345.
Veatch RM. Forgoing life-sustaining treatment: limits to the consensus. Kenn Inst Eth J 1993; 3:1-19.
The following guidebooks are available from:
The New York State Health Department
Box 2000
Albany, NY 12220
or
The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law
5 Penn Plaza, 3rd Floor
New York, NY 10001-1803
New York State Department of Health, The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law (1991): The Health Care Proxy Law: a guidebook for health care professionals.
Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Department of Health, Hospital Association of New York State (1990): Do Not Resuscitate Orders: questions and answers for health care professionals.
Medical Futility
Baker R. The ethics of medical futility. Crit Care Clin 1993; 9(3):575
84.
Caplan AL. Odds and ends: trust and the debate over medical futility (Editorial). Ann Int Med 1996; 125:688-689.
Jackson DL, Youngner S. Patient autonomy and "death with dignity": some clinical caveats. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 404-408.
Jecker NS, Pearlman RA. Medical futility: who decides? Arch Int Med 1992; 152:1140-1144.
Lantos JD, Singer PA, Walker RM et al. The illusion of futility in medical practice. Am J Med 1989; 87:81-84.
Miles SH. Informed demand for "non-beneficial" medical treatment. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325:512-5.
Miller BL. Autonomy & the Refusal of Lifesaving Treatment. Hast Cent Rep Aug 1981; 12:22-28.
Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonsen AR. Medical futility: its meaning and ethical implications. Ann Int Med 1990; 112(12):949 54.
Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS, Jonsen AR. Medical Futility: Response to Critiques. Ann Int Med 1996; 125:669-674.
Singer PA, Siegler M. Elective use of life sustaining treatments in internal medicine. Adv Int Med 1991; 36:57 79.
Tomlinson T, Brody H. Futility and the ethics of resuscitation. JAMA 1990; 264:1276-1280.
Truog RD, Brett AS, Frader J. The problem with futility. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:1560-1564.
Wear S, Logue G. The problem of medically futile treatment: falling back on a preventive ethics approach. J Clin Eth. 1995; 6(2): 138-148.
Medically Provided Hydration and Nutrition
Ackerman TF. The moral implications of medical uncertainty: tube feeding
demented patients. J Am Ger Soc 1996; 44(10):1265-7.
Ahronheim JC. Artificial nutrition and hydration in the terminally ill, Clin Ger Med. 1996; 12:379-385, 387.
Ahronheim JC, Gasner RM. The sloganism of starvation. Lancet 1990; 1:278.
Finucane TE, Christmas C, Travis K, Tube Feeding in Patients With Advanced Dementia. JAMA 1999; 282: 1365-1370
Gillick MR, Rethinking the Role of Tube Feeding in Patients with Advanced Dementia. Sounding Board, NEJM 2000; 342:206-10
McCann RM, Hall WJ. Groth-Juncker A. Comfort care for terminally ill patients. The appropriate use of nutrition and hydration. JAMA, 1994; 272(16):1263-6.
Meyers RM, Grodin MA. Decisionmaking regarding the initiation of tube feedings in the severely demented elderly: a review. J Am Ger Soc 1991; 39(5):526 31.
Scofield GR. Artificial feeding: the least restrictive alternative? J Am Ger Soc 1991; 39(12):1217 20.
Sheiman SL. Tube feeding the demented nursing home resident. J Am Ger Soc 1996; 44(10):1268-70.
Sullivan RJ. Accepting Death without artificial nutrition and hydration. J Gen Intern Med 1993; 8:220-224 (with editorial:225-226).
Miscellaneous
Orentlicher D. Denying treatment to the noncompliant patient. JAMA. 1991;
265:1579-82
Teno J. Lynn J. Connors AF Jr. Wenger N. Phillips RS. Alzola C. Murphy DP. Desbiens N. Knaus WA. The illusion of end-of-life resource savings with advance directives. SUPPORT Investigators. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. J Am Ger Soc. 1997; 45(4):513-8,
Anonymous. A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). The SUPPORT Principal Investigators [see comments] [published erratum appears in JAMA 1996 Apr 24;275(16):1232]. JAMA. 274(20):1591-8, 1995 Nov 22-29.
Emanuel EJ. Cost savings at the end of life. What do the data show? JAMA.1996; 275(24):1907-14.
Emanuel EJ. Emanuel LL. The economics of dying. The illusion of cost savings at the end of life. 1994; New Engl J Med. 330(8):540-4.