Flowers: carnation or snowdrop, violet or primrose, jonquil, daffodil, sweet pea, daisy, lily of the valley, hawthorn, rose, honeysuckle, larkspur, cosmos, chrysanthemum, narcissus, holly, water lily, poppy, gladiolus, aster, morning glory, calendula.

Medical abbreviations: ad?to, up to; adde?add; ad libitum?at pleasure; agit?shake; aqua?water; b.i.d.?twice daily; cap??capsule; cum, or c?with; dilute?dilute; e.m.p.?as directed; fac(mist~?Iet a mixture be made; fiant (ft)?make; filtra?filter; gargarism?a gargle; gr?grain; gtt?drops; h.s.?at bedtime; inject?injection; lb?pound; m?mix; non. rep. or n.r.?do not repeat; p.c.?after meals; pil?pill; p.r.n.?as circumstances may require; pulvis?powder; w. 3h.?every three hours; q.i.d.?four times daily; q.s.?as much as is sufficient; sig?sign, write; solutio?a solution; ss?one?half; stat?at once; sumto be taken; tab?tablet; t.i.d.?three times daily; ung~ointment; ut dict?as directed.

Crimes: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter; manslaughter by negligence, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, auto theft, other assaults, arson, forgery and counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement, stolen property, buying, receiving, possessing, vandalism, weapons: carrying, possessing, etc., prostitution and commercialized vice, sex offenses (except forcible rape and prostitution), narcotic drug laws, gambling, offenses against family and children, driving under the influence, liquor laws, drunkenness, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, all other offenses (except traffic), suspicion, curfew and loitering law violations, runaways.

Bridges: suspension, cantilever, steel arch, concrete arch, twin concrete trestle, continuous truss, simple truss, plate girder, vertical lift, swing span, floating pontoon.

High peaks: Logan, North, St. Elias, King, Bona, Steele, Blackburn, Sodth Buttress, Wood, Vancouver, Fairweather, Hubbard, Bear, East Buttress, Hunter, Browne Tower, Whitney, Elbert, Harvard, Massive, Rainier, Crestonc, Lincoln, Grays, Castle, Evans, Quandary, Longs, White, North Palisade, Cameron, Princeton, Yale, Bross, Kit Carson, Shasta, Sill, Maroon, Oxford, Point Success, Democrat, Liberty Cap, Capitol, Lindsey, Pikes Peak, Snowmass, Russell, Eolus, Columbia, Sunlight, Split, Handies, Little Bear, Redcloud, Conundrum, Pyramid, Wetterhorn, Muir, Huron, Holy Cross, Sunshine, Grisly, Barnard, Stewart, Meeker, Kennedy.

Salutations: Dear Sir or Mr. President or Dear Mr. President; more intimitely: dear Mr. President; also: dear Mr. President and Mrs.; Dear Sir or Dear Mr. Secretary; also: dear Mr. and Mrs.; Dear Sir or Dear Mr. Chief Justice; Dear Mr. Justice; Dear ludge ; Dear Mr. Senator; Dear Mr. Representative, or more generally, Dear Mr.?; Dear Sir, or Dear General; Colonel; Lieutenant; Mister; Chaplain; Father; Cadet; Mister; Dear Mr. Ambassador; Your Excellency; The Honorable?, Governor of?, or The Hon.?, Mayor of?; Your Holiness or Most Holy Father; also: His Eminence, Car dinal?; Your Eminence; The Most Reverend; Your Excellency; The Very Reverend; Very Reverend Monsignor; Right Reverent Monsignor; Reverend Father, or Dear Reverend Father; Brother?; Dear Brother?; The right Reverend?; Right Reverend Sir, or Dear Bishop Smith; Reverend Sir, or Dear Dr.?; Dear Mr.?; Dear Bishop

Maximum penalties for first degree murder: electrocution, life imprisonment, lethal gas, hanging, hanging or shooting, death or life.

Crops: corn, grain, oats, barley, sorghums for grain, wheat, rye, buckwheat, rice, flaxseed, cotton: lint, seed, tobacco, hay, sorghums for forage, sorghums for silage, beans (dry edible), peas (dry field), peanuts, soybeans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, sugar and seed, sirup, Sorgo sirup, sugar beets, pecans, almonds, walnuts, fillberts, oranges and tangerines, grapefruit, lemons, apples, peaches, pears, grapes, cranberries, strawberries.

Gestation and incubation periods: ass?365 days, bear?215 days, beaver?4 months, camel?A06 days, cat?63 days, cow?284 days, deer?215 days, dog?61 days, elephant?645 days, fox?52 days, giraffe?14 months, goat?151 days, guinea pig?68 days, kangaroo39 days, lion?108 days, mare?337 days, monkey?164 days to 215 days, oppossum?26 days, rabbit?31 days, rat?22 days, sheep?148 days, sow?113 days, squirrel?44 days, whale?365 days, wolf?62 days, chicken?21 days, duck?30 days, goose?30 days, pigeon?18 days, turkey?26 days.

Kinds of coffee: crude, roasted, ground. substitutes, mixtures, extracts, essences, concentrates, instant, soluble.

Grain products: biscuits, bread, French or Vienna bread, rye bread, whole wheat bread, crackers, doughnuts, macaroni, pancakes, apple pie, cherry pie, custard pie, lemon meringue pie, mince pie, pumpkin pie, pizza, popcorn, spaghetti, spaghetti with meatballs, waffles.

Causes of fires: matches and smoking, electricity and electrical equipment, heat, flames or sparks from sources other than defective heating units or welding torches, lightning, defective? heating units, exposure, defective or overheated chimneys, flues, known but not otherwise classified, sparks from bonfires, rubbish, etc., open lights, spontaneous ignition, incendiarism, vandalism, etc., welding torches, friction and friction sparks, backfire or hot exhaust from internal .combustion engines, fireworks, firecrackers, static electricity and static sparks.

Anti?Popes: St. Hippolytus, Noavtian, Felix 11, Ursinus, Eulalius, Lawrence; Dioscorus, Theodore, Paschal, Constantine, Philip, John, Anastasius, Christopher, Boniface VII, John XVI, Gregory, Benedict X, Clement 111, Theodore, Albert, Sylvester IV, Gregory VIII, Celestine 11, Anacletus 11, Victor IV, Paschal 111, Callistus 111, Innocent 111, Nicholas V, Clement VII, Alexander V, Benedict XIII, John XXIII, Felix V.

Dogs: Poodles, german shepherds, beagles, dachshunds, chihuahuas, pekingese, collies, schnauzers, cocker spaniels, pomeranians, basset hounds, Boston terriers, Labrador retrievers, Fox Terriers, Shetland sheepdogs, boxers, pugs, Brittany spaniels, shorthair pointers, Doberman pinchers, Irish setters, St. Bernards, Scottish terriers, Weimaraners, Great danes, bulldogs, airedale terriers, dalmatians, Norwegian elkhounds, samoyeds, cairn terriers, basenjis, maltese, afghan hounds, Siberian huskies, miniature pinschers, Welsh corgis, keeshonden, Welsh terriers, kerry blue terriers, Alaskan malamutes, schipperkes, chow chows, vizslas, English setters, silky terriers, Chesapeake Bay retrievers, Lhasa Apsos, Old English sheepdogs, Italian greyhounds, newfoundlands, whippets, standard schnauzers, bloodhounds, borzois, pointers, pulik, Great Pyrenees, Skye terriers, Japanese spaniels, Rottweilers, bullmastiffs, Irish wolfhounds, Rhodesian ridgebacks, wirehaired pointers, Belgian sheepdogs, papillons, Brussels griffons, coonhounds (black and tan), American Water spaniels, salukis, Welsh corgis (Cardigan), Bouviers des Flanders, Mastiffs, Belgian Tervuren, Wirehaired pointing griffons, Greyhounds, giant schnauzers, affenpinschers, border terriers, foxhounds (American), otter hounds, briards, flat coated retrievers, barriers, Scottish deerhounds, Belgian malinois, Bernese mountain dogs, komondorok, kuvaszok, climber spaniels, curly coated retrievers.

Disasters: aircraft, coal mine explosions, cyclones, earthquakes, explosions, fires, floods, hurricanes, landslides, mines, mountain climbing, railroad accidents, ships, structures collapse, tornadoes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, epidemics.

Crude and inedible material: hides and skins, oil seeds, oil nuts, oil kernels, iron and steel scrap, rubber, latex, iron ore and concentrates, coal, petroleum and products.

Occupations: men: clerks, accountants, office boys, tabulating operators, draftsmen, carpenters, electricians, engineers, helpers, trades, machinists, mechanics, painters, plumbers, guards and watchmen, janitors, porters, cleaners, laborers, packers, shipping, shipping clerks, truckdrivers; women: billers, bookkeeping, clerks?accounting, payroll, keypunch operators, office girls, secretaries, stenographers, switchboard operators, typists, nurses.

Horses: quarter horse, palomino, belgian, hackney, American saddle horse, Shetland pony, morgan, thoroughbred, percheron, arabian, standard?bred.

The Circus Hall of Fame contains: a coach given Tom Thumb by Queen Victoria, a sleigh P. T. Barnum gave Jenny Lind, a 10?ton Barnum & Bailey bandwagon.

Comets: Taylor, Brooks 11, Borrelly, Finlay, Tempel 11, Encke, Forbes, Schwassmann?Wachsmann 11, Schumasse, Perrine, Dutoit?Neujmin, Pons?Winnecke, Whipple, Neumin II, Encle, Tample?Swift, GriggSkellerup, Tempel II, Taylor, Halley.

Flowers: violet, fringed milkwort, bloodroot, wood lily, fringed orchid, deptford pink, hepatica, cardinal flower, red clover, black?eyed susan, fringed gentian, b utter? and ?eggs, chicory, evening primrose, mullein dock, sunflower, queen anne's lace, new England aster, lace cactus, elephant's teeth, fishhook, sand dollar, prickley pear, sahuaro, desert star, burnt orange cholla, desert rose, dogtooth violet, wild azalea, lady?slipper, blueberry, jack?in?the?pulpit, foam flower, marigold, rhododendron, gladioli, carnation, peony, sweet pea, columbine, plum, hollyhock, catkins, camelia, forget?me?not, apple blossom, poppy, laurel, peach blossom, hibiscus, cherokee rose, syringa, zinnia, wild rose, goldenrod, magnolia, pine cone and tassel, arbutus, moccasin flower, hawthorn, bitterroot, sagebrush, lilac, yucca blossom, dogwood, carnation, freesia, mistletoe, oregon grape, jessamine, pasqueflower, iris, tiger lily, bluebonnet, red clover, paintbrush.

The Hohenstaufens: Conrad 111, Frederick 1, Henry VI, Philip of Suabia, Otto IV, Frederick 11, Conrad IV, Conradin.

Leading Money?winning horses of the world: Kelso, Round Table, Nashua, Carry Back, Buckpasser (a), Citation, Swoon's Son, Roman Brother, Stymie, T.V. Lark, Swaps, Sword Dancer, Candy Spots, Mongo, Armed, Find, Gun Bow, Crimson Satan, Native Dancer, Cicada, First Landing, Native Diver, Bold Ruler, Bally Ache, Bald Eagle, Assault, Social Outcast, Tom Rolfe (a), Intentionally, Hillside, Crozier, Never Bend, Ridan, Bardstown, Jaipur, Prove It, Olden Times, Needles, Terrang, Mark?Ye?Well, Northern Dancer, Oil Capital, Hill Rise, Determine, Tom Fool. Whirlaway, Quadrangle, On Trust, Rejected, Affectionately, Tompion, Summer Tan, Promised Land, Hasty Road, Ponder, Clem, Dedicate, Eddie Schmidt,. Porterhouse, Gallant Man, Talent Show, Bobby Brocato.

Types of households: Primary families: husband?wife, other male head, female head; primary individuals: male, female; white, non?white; farm, nonfarm.

Embellishments on U.S. currency backs: Great Seal of U.S., Monticello, Lincoln Memorial, U.S. Treasury, White House, U.S. Capitol, Independence Hall, Ornate denominational marking.

Lamp inventions: arc lamp, incandescent lamp, frosted incandescent lamp, gas incandescent lamp, Klieg lamp, lime?light lamp, mercury vapor lamp, miner's safety lamp, Nernst lamp, neon lamp.

Islands in the Atlantic: Anticosti, Ascension, Azores, Bahamas, Bermudas, Block, Canaries, Cape Breton, Cape Verde, Faeroes, Falklands, Fernando de Noronha.

Heads of State: Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Ahmadou Ahidjo, Maj. Gen. Geo. P. Vanier, Col. Jean Bedal Bokassa, William Gopaliawa, Francois Tombalaye, Eduardo Frei Montalva, Lui Shao?chi, Generalissimo Chiang Kai?shek, Dr. Carlos Lieras Restrepo, Alphonse Massamba, Lt. Gen. Joseph Mobutu, Jose Joaquin, Dr. Osvaldo Dorticos Torrado, Archbishop Makarios, Antonin Novotny.

Figures in the life of Abraham Lincoln: Thomas Lincoln, Nancy Hanks, Samuel and Martha Lincoln, Thomas Hanks, Sarah Lincoln, Mrs. Sarah Bush Johnston, Ann Rutledge, Zachary Taylor, John C. Fremont, Stephen A. Douglas, Wm. H. Seward, John C. Breckinridge, John Bell, Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, John Wilkes Booth, Mary Todd Lincoln, Emily Todd, Brig. Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, Edward Baker Lincoln, Wm. Wallace Lincoln, Thomas Lincoln, Robert Todd Lincoln.

Types of marine disasters: burned, collision, damaged, exploded, foundered at sea, ran aground, sunk by mine, sunk in storm, torpedoed, vanished, wrecked.

Gases: acetylene, air, ammonia, argon, arsene, butane?iso, butane?n, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon oxysulfide, chlorine, chlorine monoxide, ethane, ethylene, fluorine, helium, hydrogen, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen sulfide, krypton, methane, methyl chloride, methyl ether, methyl fluoride, mono methylamine, neon, nitric oxide, nitrogen, nitrosyl chloride, nitrous oxide, oxygen, phosphine, propane, silicon tetraflouride, sulfur dioxide, xenon.

Metals: antimony ore and concentrate, bauxite, berryiium, copper, gold, iron ore, lead, manganese ore, manganiferous ore, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, silver, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, zinc.

Nonmetals: abrasive stone, aplite, asbestos, barite, boron, bromine, calcite, cement, clays, emery, feldspar, floorspar, garnet, gems, gypsum, lime, magnesium, mica, perlite, phosphate, potassium, pumice, pyrites, salt, sand, gravel, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, stone, sulfur, talc, tripoli, vermiculite, soapstone.

American cars: Plymouth, Dodge, Chrysler, Imperial, Ford, Fairlane, Falcon, Mustang, Thunderbird, Mercury, Comet, Lincoln, Chevrolet, Corvette, Chevelle, Chevvy 11, Corvair, Pontiac, Tempest, Oldsmobile, Toronado, F?85, Buick, Riviera, Special, Cadillac, Studebaker.

State nicknames: Aloha State, Badger S., Bay S., Beaver S., Beef S., beehive s., blue grass state, buckeye state, centennial state, constitution state, cornhusker s., cotton s., coyote s., diamond s., empire s., empire s. of the south, equality s., evergreen s., first s., flickertail s., free s., garden s., gem s., golden s., gophers., grand canyon s., granite s., green mountain s., hawkeye s., heart of dixie, hoosier s., keystone s., land of enchantment, land of opportunity, little rhody, ]one star s., magnolias., mountain s., north star s., old colony, old dominion, old line s., old north s., palmetto s., pelican s., pine tree s., prairie s., sagebrush s., show me s., silver s., sioux s., sooner s., sunflower s., sunshine s., sunshine s., tar heel s., treasure s., volunteer s., wolverine s., yellowhammer s.

Occupation groups: professional, technical and kindred, farmers and farm managers, officials and proprietors, clerical and kindred, sales, craftsmen, foremen and kindred, operatives and kindred, private household, service, farm workers and foremen, other laborers.

Units of length: Angstrom, cable's length, centimeter, chain, decimeter, dekameter, fathom, foot, furlong, hand, inch, kilometer, league, link, meter, micron, mil, mile, International Nautical Mile, millimeter, nanometer, point, rod, yard.

U.S. Army non?com in issioned officers' chevrons: three chevrons above three arcs with a five pointed star between the chevrons and arcs, three chevrons above three arcs with a five?pointed star between the chevrons and arcs, three chevrons above three arcs with a lozenge between the chevrons and arcs, three chevrons above three arcs, three chevrons above two arcs, three chevrons above one arc, three chevrons, two chevrons.

Salt?water fish: albacore, amberjack, barracuda, bass, giant sea bass, striped bass, blackfish, bluefish, bonefish, bonito, cobia, cod, dolphin, drum, flounder, kingfish, marlin, blue marlin, striped marlin, pollack, rainbow runner, roosterfish, sailfish, blue shark, mako shark, man?eater shark, porbeagle shark, thresher shark, shark tiger, snook, swordfish, tarpon, tuna, wahoo, weakfish, yellowtail.

Time: Standard, Daylight Saving, 24?hour, Ephemeris, Bell, sidereal.

Seven Wonders of the World: pyramids of Egypt, Hanging gardens of Babylon, Phidias' statue of Zeus, temple at Ephesus, tomb o?f Mausolus, collosus of Rhodes, Pharos at Alexandria.

Salutes: 21 guns, one gun for each State, 21 guns with 4 ruffles and flourishes and music following, 15 guns, 13 guns, 11 guns.

Types of buildings burned: theatre, hotel, Opera Cornique, Charity bazaar, docks, shoe factory, school, Triangle factory, athletic club, state hospital, home for aged, penitentiary, hardward co., terminal hotel, danee hall, Cocoanut grove, Ringling Circus, ice plant, tenement, nursing home, metalworking plant, loft building, parochial school, store, resort hotel, chemical plant, mental hospital, movie theater, circus, surfside hotel, rest home, apartment building, vacation home, apartment, Jewish center.

Ancient plants and animals: conifer, cycad, ship lizard, fern tree, shark, calamite, brachiopod, scale tree, nautiloid, coral, clam, scorpion, snail, starfish, seaweed, club moss, lungfish, salamander, cockroach, spider, dragonfly, algae.

Trees: American elm, red oak, sugar maple, bur oak, drummond maple, red maple, shagbark hickory, birch, sycamore, beech, honey locust, sequoia, white pine, larch, spruce, eucalyptus, willow, gingo, poplar, tulip, redwood, cypress, palm, Joshua, dragon, hickory, ash, balsa, paloverde, holly, candlenut, cottonwood, magnolia, dogwood, pinon, buckeye, redbud, hemlock, pecan, scarlet oak, apple, pear, fig, etc.

May 2001