Web and Literary Resources on the Archaeological Politics of Private Collecting, Commercial Treasure Hunting, Looting, and "Professional" Archaeology
Compiled by Hugh Jarvis (PhD, MLS)
<hjarvis AT buffalo.edu>
University at Buffalo
Last updated: 05/07/08
This resource is intended to be provide a comprehensive overview of what is often a controversial topic, for scholarly and classroom use. Coverage is intended to include extreme perspectives as well as more neutral or consensus-seeking views. The list is extensive, with the hope that users will be able to find a range of these items close to hand. While the main focus is on North America, materials from around the world are noted whenever possible (and certainly encouraged). Items are added as they come to my attention or are contributed by others. Annotations are mine except as noted, and are NOT intended to be incendiary. Comments and additions are most welcome!
For searching library catalogs, try these Library of Congress Subject Headings:
- ANTIQUITIES--COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION--MORAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
- ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEFTS
- ARCHAEOLOGY--MORAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
- ART THEFTS
- BOOTY (INTERNATIONAL LAW)
- CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES--DESTRUCTION AND PILLAGE
- CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES THEFTS
- CULTURAL PROPERTY--PROTECTION
- CULTURAL PROPERTY--PROTECTION--MORAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS
- HISTORIC PRESERVATION
- PILLAGE
Look for
or
particularly
items! Any items that are marked with "??" need further checking, either to
complete or confirm citation information or for relevancy.
A. Periodicals |
B. Books & Articles |
C. Government Action & Legislation
D. Web Articles, Pages, & Sites |
E. Other Net Resources |
F. Attached Documents
G. Acknowledgements/Contacts
A.
Periodicals
The following periodicals have published special issues or regularly contain commentary, articles, or letters on relevant topics.
- For archaeological views, see:
Culture Without Context Newsletter of the
Near Eastern Project of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre.
Archaeology Magazine
is a popular magazine which frequently has
useful articles. Especially see volume 44 number 3 for a series of
letters on looting, and their Archaeology Watch postings, which include
a series of topical archives such as: threats to cultural heritage, Hague Convention;
acquisition policies, UNESCO Convention, legal cases, underwater heritage, and a
variety of countries.
The Journal of Field Archaeology has a regular feature called
the "Antiquities Marketplace: News and Commentary on the Illicit Trade in
Antiquities".
African Arts (1995) volume 28, number 4, had a special issue called
"Protecting Mali's Cultural Heritage" (articles listed below).
Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR) has regular editorials and letters
to its editor on relevant topics.
The Society for American Archaeology (SAA)
SAA Bulletin
has three regular columns of interest:
- "Archaeopolitics" occasionally carries relevant items on policy & polictics
- "Working Together" carries articles about crossing the boundaries between "professional" archaeology and other realms, such as partnerships with Native Americans
- "From the Ethics Committee" is a new feature starting in Vol 16, and will be published three times a year by the SAA Standing Committee on Ethics (see below)- For a mixed perspective, see:
-
the Anthropology
in the News Website for its linked newspaper headlines and search its
archives.
Boston Globe OnLine --
search using the keyword: ANTIQUITIES
IFAR Journal
(previously IFAR Reports)
with "articles on topics important to those in fine arts such as
authentification cases, legal problems, art thefts and recoveries, and
cultural property issues".
The Glyph, newsletter of the Archaeological Institute of
America San Diego Society, ran a special issue in September of 1997,
called "Pot-diggers: Property Rights, and Public Interest - A Debate"
with Jeff Meek: "Private Property Rights and the Value of Archaeological
Artifacts" and Robert J. Jeske: "Who Owns the Artifacts?" (listed below).
Common Ground,
published free by the National Park Service
Archaeology and Ethnography Program has a regular section entitled
"Site Watch: Protecting the Nation's Archaeological Heritage", as well as
occasional featured articles of interest; for example, the 1996, volume 1,
number 3/4, "Contested Waters" special issue on Underwater Archaeolog,
carried articles discussing preservation archaeology versus salvage, sport
diving, and looting.
Boston Globe
(see a link to their online version below). This
newspaper occasionally carries stories about scandals in the art & museum
community.
International Journal of Cultural Property
new journal from Cambridge University Press, "a vital international, and multidisciplinary forum for the broad spectrum of views surrounding cultural property, cultural heritage, and related issues. Its mission is to develop new ways of dealing with cultural property debates, to be a venue for the proposal or enumeration of pragmatic policy suggestions, and to be accessible to a wide audience of professionals, academics, and lay readers. This peer-reviewed journal publishes original research papers, case notes, documents of record, chronicles, conference reports, and book reviews."
[receive table of contents alerts via email]
Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (ISSN 1827-8868)
Free online journal will address protection, the conservation and the valorization of international cultural heritage (archaeology, art history, law, architecture, archival and librarian property, etc.), tangible and intangible. English, Italian, French or Spanish, with abstract in Italian and English -- expect the first issue by May of 2006. - For a perspective from the side of the collectors, see:
-
Indian-Artifact Magazine tends to carry editorials, letters, and
short articles which exemplify or state the collector's view.
Treasure Quest Magazine tends to carry editorials, letters, and
short articles which exemplify the salvor or collector's view.
A. Periodicals | B. Books & Articles | C. Government Action & Legislation
D. Web Articles, Pages, & Sites | E. Other Net Resources | F. Attached Documents
G. Acknowledgements/Contacts
B.
Books & Articles
Published books and articles, including online publications.A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
A
- anonymous
- 2007 Whose Treasure Is It Really? New York Times (editorial) September 4, 2007 Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/opinion/04tues4.html
- - discusses legal battles over the looting of a shipwreck, presumed to be the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes sunk in 1804 off Portugal -- suggests the treasure should really go back to Latin America
- anonymous
- 2007 Lost treasure 'found' Globe and Mail Science July 26, 2007. Online: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070726.woctopus0726/BNStory/Science/home
- - chance find of 12th Century shipwreck - fortune in china will be turned over to the Korean government
- anonymous
- 2007 Shipwreck Yields Estimated $500 Million Haul. NY Times online. May 18 2007. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Treasure-Ship.html
- begins: " Deep-sea explorers said Friday they have hauled up what could be the richest sunken treasure ever discovered: hundreds of thousands of colonial-era silver and gold coins worth an estimated $500 million from a shipwreck in the Atlantic Ocean."
- - presumed to be from a known 17th Century shipwreck that sank in international waters off England
- begins: " Deep-sea explorers said Friday they have hauled up what could be the richest sunken treasure ever discovered: hundreds of thousands of colonial-era silver and gold coins worth an estimated $500 million from a shipwreck in the Atlantic Ocean."
- anonymous
-
2004 What's been said about the Marbles. BBC News Viewed: September 13, 2007. Online:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3505576.stm
- - "Centuries of arguments over the Parthenon sculptures reveal a bewildering variety of views." (a series of quotes on the controversial Elgin Marbles from a wide range of sources on all sides)
- anonymous
- 2004 Stolen relics go home to Egypt BBC News Friday, 15 October, 2004. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3746200.stm
- - "More than 600 Egyptian antiquities flew back to Egypt from the UK on Thursday, four years after they were stolen and smuggled out."
- anonymous
- 2003 Egypt's 'Ramses' mummy returned BBC News Sunday, 26 October, 2003. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3215747.stm
- - "An ancient Egyptian mummy thought to be that of Pharaoh Ramses I has returned home after more than 140 years in North American museums." (also briefly mentions Rosetta Stone in the British Museum and the bust of Nefertiti still in the Berlin Museum)
- anonymous
- 2000 Archaeologist exposed as fraud. BBC News online. Nov 5 2000. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_1008000/1008051.stm
- begins: "A leading Japanese archaeologist has admitted planting artefacts at an excavation site so he could claim credit for discovering his country's oldest stoneware."
- anonymous
- 2000 Watery Graves. The Economist. April 29.
- - "When Turkey's Birecik dam begins filling up at the end of the month, thousands of archaeological treasures are likely to be lost. Does anyone care?" A new dam on the Euphrates will soon flood at least 82 sites, some dating back at least to the Palaeolithic, as well as the nine villages, with thousands of inhabitants.
- anonymous
- 2000 Emergency import restriction imposed on Khmer stone archaeological
material. SAA Bulletin 18(1):29
- -
- anonymous
- 1999 Caribbean Graveyard of Shipwrecks May Be Sacked by Treasure Hunters.
CNN News (AP) Apr. 20, 1999 2:06 pm GMT. Online: http://customnews.cnn.com/cnews/pna.show_story?p_art_id=3641554&p_section_name=On+Target&p_art_type=374522
- - Controversy over rare 17th Century French and pirate shipwrecks off Venezuela's Las Aves archipelago in the Caribbean. Treasure hunters have obtained a government permit to salvage, but marine archaeologists protest.
- anonymous
- 1997 El Cayo Ordeal in Chiapas. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Newsletter 24: 2-4
- anonymous
- 1997 The Problem of Pillage.
- - A short statement, "from the Senate Report No. 97-564 on Implementing Legislation for the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Cultural Property. Online: http://e.usia.gov/education/culprop/problem.html in the USIA site
- anonymous
- 1991 World Archaeological Congress first code of ethics.
World Archaeological Bulletin 5:22-23.
- - The WAC's code of ethics.
- anonymous
- 1985 Israeli archaeologists support sale of
artifacts. Biblical Archaeology Review 11(4): 8.
- - Some archaeologists support sale of surplus artifacts to raise money.
- Adams, E. Charles
- 1984 Archaeology and the Native American: A Case at Hopi. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 236-242. New York: The Free Press.
- - This article details the responsibilities to the public for archaeologists.
- Ahrens, Klaus
- 1993 Diebe, Hehler und Moneten. pp. 62-66, Geo Special: Die Welt der Maya.
- Akin, Marjorie
- 1996 Passionate Possession: The Formation of Private Collections. In Learning from Things: Method and Theory in Material Culture Studies, edited by W. D. Kingery, pp. 102-128. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
- - psychology of collecting
- Alexander, B.
- 1990 Archaeology and looting make a volatile mix. Science
250:1074-1075.
- - This raises ethical questions regarding use of date from looted sites or commercial excavations. It is partly a critique of Donnan's National Geographic publication on looted Moche material (listed below).
- Anderson, David G. and Virginia Horak (editors)
- 1994 Site Destruction in Georgia and the Carolinas.
Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series No. 2.
Southeast Archeological Center, Tallahassee, FL.
- - This collection includes papers on natural (hurricanes, waves, erosion, fire) and human (agriculture, clear-cutting, pot hunting, vandalism, grave desecration, archaeologists) damage to archaeological sites.
- Arbeiter, Dennis
- 2000 "The Atlas Spear." Prehistoric Antiquities and Archaeological News Quarterly 20(4):4.
- - enormous price paid for stone tool
- Archaeological Institute of America
- 1974 (1973 resolution) Bulletin of Archaeological Institute of
America 65:30.
- - The AIA Council resolved to exclude presentations based on artifacts acquired in contravention of UNESCO 1970 convention.
- Arnold, J. Barto III
- 1978 Underwater cultural resources and the antiquities
market. Journal of Field Archaeology 5(2):232-3.
- - This "Antiquities Market" section addresses US battle over control of historic shipwrecks in public waters as well as suggests artifacts should remain in the public domain and not in private hands.
- Arriola, Miguel S. V.
- 1987 Anotaciones sobre depredación arqueológica en Guatemala. Memoirias del Primer Coloquio Internacional de Mayistas. pp. 393-400. Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F.
- Arriola, Miguel S.V.
- 1988, Depredación arqueológica en Guatemala. Anales de la Academia de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala 61: 219-233
- Association of Field Archaeology
- n.d. (constitutional note) Journal of Field Archaeology inside cover.
- - Publishers of Journal of Field Archaeology constitution and bylaws (Article II) state their "opposition to the dealing and the illicit traffic in such [looted] materials".
- Atwood, Roger
- 2004 Stealing History : Tomb Raiders, Smugglers, and the Looting of the Ancient World.
St. Martin's Press
- - Well-received, popular account of the looting of Moche royal tombs in Sipan, Peru. From Publisher's Weekly, "part detective story and part history lesson, Atwood, an expert on the antiquities market who writes for ARTnews and Archaeology, focuses on one incident as a case study of the insidious effects of the illicit antiquities trade"
- Australian Archaeological Association
- 1994 Code of ethics of the Australian Archaeological Association.
Australian Archaeology 1994(39):129
- - The code of ethics of the major Australian archaeological society.
B
- Ballenger, Jesse
- 1999 Goff Creek: Artifact Collection Strategy and Occupation
Prehistory on the Southern High Plains, Texas County, Oklahoma.
Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Oklahoma Anthropological Society
Memoir 8
- - Surface collecting from an archaeologist's perspective.
- Banks, Alan
- 1992 Editorial -- Surface Finds Central States Archaeological
Journal 39(3): 108
- - comments on the lkegality of surface collecting
- Barker, Alex W.
- 2000 Ethics, e-commerce, and the future of the past.
SAA Bulletin 18(1):15 Online: http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/18-1/saa13.html
- - about online sale of artifacts (including auction sites) and their impact on cultural heritage and the antiquities market
- Bass, George F.
- 1979 The men who stole the stars. Sea History 12:30-?.
- - (This item may contain relevant information on archaeological professionalism, but I have not yet been able to examine a copy.)
- Bass, George F.
- 1985 Archaeologists, sport divers, and treasure hunters.
Journal of Field Archaeology 12(2):256-258.
- - From the 'Perspectives' section: "The following letter was written in support of [US] federal legislation..."; the legislation was Senate Bill 1504 and H.R. 3194, and apparently was going to restrict private / commercial access to shipwrecks. Bass notes a variety of collector / "treasure-hunter"'s concerns, and archaeological views about them.
- Bator, Paul M.
- 1996 The International Trade in Art, Second Edition. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
- - This was originally "An Essay on the International Trade in Art", published in Stanford Law Review 1982 34(2). It defines illegal trade in an international sense, and also discusses relevant factors such as preservation of archaeological and national values, and the objects' own integrity.
- Belk, Roger
- 1988 Collectors and Collecting. Advances in Consumer Research 15:548-553. Reprinted in Interpreting Objects and Collections, edited by Susan M. Pearce, 1994, pp. 317-326. Routlege, London and New York.
- - psychology of collecting
- Bell, M. and P. Pelagatti (editors)
- 1995 Antichità senza provenienza. Atti della
tavola rotonda. Bolletino d'Arte, allegato al n. 89-90.
- - Publication of the first of two international conferences, some of whose papers are relevant (see Lyons 1998 below)
- Berner, John
- 1984 Artifact or Artifake? Central States Archaeological Journal 31(4):186-188.
- Berner, John
- 1997 The Authenticators. Prehistoric American 31(4):10-11.
- Berner, John
- 1997 Is it a Reproduction or a Fake? Prehistoric American 31(3):21.
- Berner, John
- 1998 Advice for New collector/investors. Prehistoric American 32(3):3.
- Berner, John
- 1998 Popularity of Reproduction Styles. Prehistoric American 32(3):10.
- Berner, John
- 1998 Twentieth century reproductions/Fakes. Prehistoric American 32(3):16-17.
- Berner, John
- 2000 American Indian Artifacts: Genuine or Reproduction. American Antiquities Inc, Roswell.
- Berner, John
- 2000 Their Real Dream is to Fool the Experts. Prehistoric American 34(1):19
- - a collector complains about fake stone tools and effects on market
- Blacking, John
- 1953 Edward Simpson, alias 'Flint Jack': A Victorian Craftsman. Antiquity 27:207-211.
- - early artifact faker
- Bleed, Peter
- 2000 Purveying the Past: Structure and Strategy in the American Antiques
Trade. Plains Anthropologist 45(172):179-88.
- - Study of the antiques trade in Lincoln, Nebraska, reveals four stage marketing channel (surfacing, picking, dealing, and matchmaking), each adding different kinds of value to objects and operating with distinctive strategies.
- Bohlen, Celestine
- 2002 Dealer Is Guilty of Selling Stolen Egyptian Art. New York Times
(February 13) Online: article
- - prominent antiquities dealer, Frederick Schultz, convicted for conspiring to sell ancient artifacts illegally removed from of Egypt
- - subsequently appealed (details on AIA site)
- - prominent antiquities dealer, Frederick Schultz, convicted for conspiring to sell ancient artifacts illegally removed from of Egypt
- Bogdanos, Matthew
- 2005 The Casualties of War: The Truth about the Iraq Museum American Journal of Archaeology 109: 477-526
- -
- Bogdanos, Matthew and William Patrick
- 2005 Thieves of Baghdad. New York: Bloomsbury
- - "Marine Corps Reserve colonel, lawyer and student of ancient civilizations, returned to uniform full-time to head counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan and later in Iraq, where Bogdanos gave himself the mission of finding antiquities that had been stolen from the Iraq National Museum during the American invasion." (from Amazon.com)
- Brent, Michael
- 1994 The rape of Mali. Archaeology 47(3):26-31,35.
- - This item describes how "European collectors and dealers have systematically plundered the heritage of one of the world's poorest countries...".
- Brodie, Neil, Jenny Doole, and Peter Watson
- 2000 Stealing History: The Illicit Trade in Cultural Material.
Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
Commissioned by ICOM UK and Museums Association.
- - A new report, "...provides an overview of the illicit trade in archaeological, ethnographic and palaeontological material, and the damage it causes, and makes recommendations for museums to protect them from buying illicit material, and for Her Majesty's Government to help stamp the trade out." (more details are available online.
- Brodie, N. et al.
- 2006: Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and the Antiquities Trade, University Prsss of Florida
- -
- Brodie, N. and C. Renfrew
- 2005 Looting and the World's Archaeological Heritage: The Inadequate Response.
Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 343-428
- - overview
- Brodie, N. et al.
- 2001: Trade in Illicit Antiquities: The Destruction of the World's Archaeological Heritage, Cambridge
- -
- Brown, James A.
- 1966 Spiro Studies vol 1: Description of the Mound Group. University of Oklahoma Research Institute, Norman.
- - includes info on 1930s looting of famous site
- Brown, Patricia Leigh
- 1999 New Orleans Grave Theft: Nothing's Sacred. New York Times
Tuesday February 16, 1999: A1,16.
- - Brown notes a growing problem in recent years, the theft of grave goods from modern cemetaries in the United States. Funerary statuary have been vanishing especially from New Orleans graveyards and ending up for sale in antique stores as far away as New York City and Los Angeles.
- Browner, Tom
- 1992 The Art Gerber affair, the facts. Central States Archaeological
Journal 39(2):58-60.
- - This article details the Art Gerber case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana.
- Bruhns, Karen Olsen
- 2000 www.plunderedpast.com. Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 18(2):14-15, 17. (See http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/18-2/saa11.html.)
- - about online sale of artifacts (including auction sites) and their impact on cultural heritage and the antiquities market
- Burnham, Bonnie
- 1978 Art Theft: Its Scope, Its Impact, and Its Control.
International Foundation for Art Research, Inc., New York.
- - From Laura Pope Robbins: "This report resulted from a feasibility study done on the creation of a central art theft archive as a means of combating art theft. It is meant to be an analysis on whether a clearinghouse of information on stolen art objects would be an effective weapon against art theft, and an evaluation on the reception of such a clearinghouse by the law enforcement community as well as the art community. References are footnoted on a chapter-by-chapter basis and the full citations are included in a separate chapter. There are five appendices which include, art theft statistics, list of important worldwide art thefts: 1975 - 1977, museum surveys, art dealer surveys, and IFAR program information. There is no index."
- Butt, Shafiq
- 1998 Stealing A Civilization. Peshawar Diplomat 8(6)
- - This describes the theft of Gandhara antiquities in Pakistan.
- Byron, Lord George Gordon
- 1812 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto Two, xii and xii
- - This famous passage refers to the looting of the Elgin Marbles: "... the last poor plunder from a bleeding land." Byron witnessed the damage being done to the Parthenon by Lord Elgin's workers while on holiday in Athens in 1809. The phrase "felt some portion" refers to some Greek workmen who dropped their loads because they felt them moving.
"But most the modern Pict's ignoble boast,
To rive what Goth, and Turk and Time hath spared;
Cold as the crags upon his native coast,
His mind as barren and his heart as hard,
Is he conceived, whose hand prepared,
Aught to displace Athena's poor remains;
Her sons too weak the sacred shrine to guard,
Yet felt some portion of their mother's pains,
And never knew til then the weight of Despot's chains." - - This famous passage refers to the looting of the Elgin Marbles: "... the last poor plunder from a bleeding land." Byron witnessed the damage being done to the Parthenon by Lord Elgin's workers while on holiday in Athens in 1809. The phrase "felt some portion" refers to some Greek workmen who dropped their loads because they felt them moving.
- Byron, Lord George Gordon
- 1818 the Curse of Minerva
- - This work apparently has 18 stanzas of rage against Lord Elgin's looting of Parthenon marble scupltures. A sample follows:
"Daughter of Jove! In Britain's injur'd name,
A true-born Briton may the deed disclaim,
Frown not on England -- England owns him not;
Athena! No -- the plunderer was a Scot." - - This work apparently has 18 stanzas of rage against Lord Elgin's looting of Parthenon marble scupltures. A sample follows:
C
- Cameron, Catherine
- 1997 The loss of cultural heritage - an international perspective.
Nonrenewable Resources 6(2)
- - This is a collection of papers on historic preservation, looting, and antiquities trafficking, including Karen Vitelli & Anne Pyburn (archaeology and development); Ricardo Elia (looting & antiquities); Stephen Lekson (museums & antiquities market); Roderick McIntosh, Boubacar Hama Diaby, & Tereba Togola (on indigeneous efforts to protect cultural objects); Mark Michael (on Archaeological Conservancy); Frederick Lange & Mario Molina (regional view Central American efforts to preserve cultural heritage). It is available from Diane Stolfi, Plenum Press - Journals Dept, 233 Spring St, New York, New York, USA 10013.
- Carnett, Carol L.
- 1995 A Survey of State Statutes Protecting Archeological Resources.
Archeological Assistance Study No. 3. National Park Service Archeological
Assistance Division, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
- - Robert Hicks "While this book is not aimed at law enforcers, it's the best state-by-state examination of archeological protection laws and includes criminal ones. Call NPS at 202-343-4101 to find out about availability of copies. Sells for around $5 each."
- Cart, Julie
- 2001 Looting Indian Grave Sites Is Big Business in Utah BLM agents fight continuing battle against robbers
San Francisco Chronicle April 8: A9. Online: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/04/08/MN167066.DTL
- brief summary of BLM battles against looters in Utah
- Carver, M.
- 1996 On archaeological value. Antiquity 70:45-56.
- - The abstract: "The allocation of archaeological resources in Europe has gradually shifted from state control to groups made up of developers, planners, community taxpayers and academics that debate the fate of archaeological sites. This trend has encouraged the development of a definition of archaeological value to help archaeologists champion their cause. The definition is aimed at promoting the archaeological resource as a research asset that should be stored as deposits rather than monuments."
- Cassell, Joan and Sue-Ellen Jacobs (eds.) 1987 Handbook on Ethical Issues in Anthropology. Special Publication 23. Washington: American Anthropological Association. Online: http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/toc.htm
- - Contains a review essay, annotated bibliography, background on the AAA ethics committee, and a series of case scenarios.
- Ceram, C.W. (editor)
- 1966 The World of Archaeology: The Pioneers Tell Their Own Story.
Thames and Hudson, London. (republished as Hands on the Past: Pioneer
Archaeologists Tell Their Own Story. by Alfred A. Knopf, New York.).
- - Laura Pope Robbins: "An anthology meant to give as complete a survey as possible of the adventurous spirit of archaeology. Extracts, taken directly from the writings of known archaeologists, were chosen on the basis of what was interesting, however, when combined, the extracts give a view of the whole scope of archaeological discovery. Its purpose is not to be comprehensive, but to provide an overview of the scope of archaeological research, showing both the misdirections and the systematic. Extracts pertinent to the study of antiquities theft are "How to Steal Antiquities" and "Legalized Art Robbery."
- Champe, J.L., D.S. Byers, C. Evans, et al.
- 1961 Four statements for archaeology. American Antiquity
27:137-139.
- - Here archaeologists emphasise the importance of publishing their research.
- Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, Harriot W. Topsey
- 1988 Archaeology and the ethics of collecting. Archaeology
41(1):56-60,87.
- - This is an "essay" discussing the ethics of the collection of looted objects from an archaeological perspective.
- Cheek, Annetta L. and Bennie C. Keel
- 1984 Value Conflicts in Osteo-Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 194-207. New York: The Free Press.
- - This chapter discusses the responsibilities of archaeologists to the public.
- Chippindale, Christopher
- 1995 Commercialization: the role of archaeological
laboratories and collectors. In Ethics in American Archaeology:
Challenges for the 1990's, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie,
pp. 80-83. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology,
Washington, D.C.
- - The author notes how analysis by archaeologists and laboratories can elevate the commercial value of cultural artifacts.
- Chippindale, Chris and David Gill
- 1993 Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures. American Journal of Archaeology 97:601-59
- Clément, Étienne
- 1995 A view from UNESCO
African Arts 28(4):58.
- - This is a discussion about the looting of Mali's cultural artifacts.
- Clements, Forrest E.
- 1945 Historical Sketch of the Spiro Mound. Contributions of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation 14:48-68. New York.
- - looting at Spiro
- Clements, Forrest E. and Alfred Reed
- 1939 "Eccentric" Flints of Oklahoma. American Antiquity 5(1):27-30.
- - early lithic fakes
- Coffman, Michael S.
- 2003 How Government Regulations Threaten America NewsWithViews.com July 25, 2003. Online:
http://newswithviews.com/Coffman/mike1.htm
- - This article presents the 'other side' view from many academics, that "Since the 1970s, we are increasingly following another system of governance that is systematically destroying the very principle [property rights] that has made America the greatest nation in the history of the world."
- Coggins, Clemency C.
- 1995 Illicit international traffic in ancient art: let there be light!
International Journal of Cultural Property 4(1): 61-79.
- -
- Coggins, Clemency C.
- 1972 Displaced Maya sculpture. Estudios de Cultura Maya 8:15-24
- Coggins, Clemency C.
- 1972 Archaeology and the Art Market. Science 175(4019):263-266
- Coggins, Clemency
- 1969 Illicit traffic of pre-Columbian antiquities.
Art Journal 29(1):94,96,98,114.
- - Coggins describes the systematic looting of Mayan sites and details specific sites that have been targetted and objects that have been stolen.
- Converse, Robert N.
- 1992 Editorial Central States Archaeological
Journal 39(3):111 %& 114
- comments on professionalism and collecting, reprinted from Ohio Archaeologist 42(1)
- Cook, B.F.
- 1991 The archaeologist and the art market: policies and practice.
Antiquity 64:533-537.
- - The abstract: "The Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum sets out his view of where responsible museums and researchers should find a balance in the difficult matter of unprovenanced antiquities thay may be the spoils of recent looting."
- Craib, Donald Forsyth (ed.)
- 2000 Topics in Culture Resource Law. Washington: Society for American Archaeology.
- - 'explores a range of legal issues relating to control, protection, and regulation of cultural resources' [paraphrasing the publisher's blurb]
- Cummings, C.R.
- 1985 National professional standards and guidelines for
underwater archaeology. In Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings of
the 16th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, edited by J.P. Delgado,
pp. 46-52. Society for Historical Archaeology, Ann Arbor, MI.
- - This work lays out standards for underwater archaeology.
- Cummings, C.R.
- 1986 A matter of ethics. In Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings
of the 14th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, edited by C.R.
Cummings, pp. 1-5. Fathom Eight, San Marino, CA.
- - The author introduces the ethics of underwater archaeology.
- Cunningham, Richard B.
- 1999 Archaeology, Relics, and the Law. Carolina Academic Press.
- - a law textbook
D
- Davis, Hester A.
- 1984 Approaches to Ethical Problems by Archaeological Organizations. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 13-21. New York: The Free Press.
- - This provides some background information from the perspective of archaeological organizations to the ethics question.
- Davis, Richard H.
- 1993 Indian art objects as loot.
The Journal of Asian Studies 52(1):22-49
- - Scholars seldom appreciate that museum objects looted from (Asian) cultures have a variety of semiological meanings, political (power to those who took them and subservience to their original owners) and religious.
- De Angelo, G.
- 1992 Avocational archaeology in New York State.
The Bulletin, Journal of the NYSAA 104:28-30.
- - This article notes the strong role avocationalists have played in New York State's archaeology.
- De Angelo, G.
- 1996 Archaeology in the Future: the Role of the
Avocational. In A Golden Chronograph for Robert E. Funk
edited by C. Lindner and E.V. Curtin, pp. 45-48. Occasional
Papers in Northeastern Anthropology No. 15. Arcaheological
Services, Bethlehem, CT
- - This work describes the role avocationalists could play in the future of archaeology.
- de Grunne, Bernard
- 1995 An art historical approach to the terracotta figures
of the inland Niger delta
African Arts 28(4):70-79,112.
- - de Grunne describes looting of Mali's cultural artifacts.
- Dewar, Elaine
- 1997 Behind This Door. Toronto Life 31(7): 85-92.
- - This controversial article looks at how Ontario archaeologists control access to site information and archive artifact collections.
- Diab, Youssef
- 1999 Antiquities
probe reels in big fish: Ex-director-general joins three others in
detention. The Daily Star Online (Lebanon).
- - Former Director General of Antiquities and three others arrested in context of antiquities thefts.
- Donnan, C.B.
- 1991 Archaeology and looting: preserving the record.
Science 251:498.
- - This is a reply to Alexander's 1990 critique of his use of Moche data.
- Donnan, Christopher B.
- 1990 Masterworks of art reveal a remarkable pre-Inca world.
National Geographic 177(6):17-35.
- - This is a very controversial publication about Moche artifacts, representing Donnan's work in a frequently looted region, on previously looted as well as unlooted tombs often full of extremely valuable artifacts. Critics feel he is adding context and thus value to the art dealers and collectors plunder.
- Dorfman, John
- 1998
"
Getting their hands dirty? Archaeologists and the looting trade"
Lingua Franca 8(4):28.
- - Dorfman discusses the opposing views of where archaeologists should stand on the use of looted artifact collections.
- Dunnell, Robert C.
- 1984 The Ethics of Archaeological Significance Decisions. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.62-74. New York: The Free Press.
- - Dunnell, a very well know figure in American archaeology, discusses the responsibilities of archaeologists to their profession.
- Dyson, Stephen L.
- 1997 Archaeology De Damned. Archaeology 50(1):6
- - In this editorial, the president of the Archaeological Institute of America notes the relationship between archaeologists and major dam projects which threaten cultural heritage sites..
E
- Early, Ann M.
- 1989 Profiteers and Public Archaeology: Antiquities Trafficking
in Arkansas. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property:
Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger,
pp.39-50. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - This piece includes some case studies from the "victim's perspectives" of looting.
- Ehrenhard, John E. (editor)
- 1990 Coping With Site Looting: Southeastern Perspectives.
Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series No. 1.
Southeast Archeological Center, Tallahassee, FL.
- - This collected volume contains a number of items on how archaeologists in the US have coped with looting. (If anyone has access to a full table of contents, I would appreciate a copy!)
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1990 Crackdown on Smuggling. Archaeology 43(5):14.
- - A brief article on attempts at limiting the smuggling of cultural artifacts.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1991 Popular archaeology and the antiquities market: a review
essay. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:95-103.
- - Elia discusses Minerva: the International Review of Ancient Art and Archaeology, a glossy "new", British, popular journal that covers art and artifacts, but appears to blend the lines between art history, archaeology, and art collecting, and carries many ads for artifacts....
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1991 U.S. Bans Import of Artifacts from Peten, Guatemala.
Society for American Archaeology Bulletin 9(5):2.
- - A short piece describing this important step at reducing looting in Central America.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1991 New York Gallery Sued. Archaeology 44(6):20-21.
- - Elia describes how an important gallery was sued for selling looted artifacts.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1992 U.S. v. Mel Fisher. Archaeology 45(6):26-27.
- - A short description of the trial of an infamous collector and looter.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1992 The ethics of collaboration: archaeologists and the
Whydah Project. Historical Archaeology 24(2):105-117.
- - Elia brings up ethical questions regarding use of date from looted sites or commercial excavations.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1993 Ricardo Elia responds.
Archaeology 46(3):17
- - This piece was written in response to a response by Colin Renfrew in Archaeology 1993 46(3):16-18. (Elia's paper which began the debate was reprinted - see Elia 1996 below.)
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1994 The world cannot afford many more collectors with a
passion for antiquities. The Art Newspaper 41:19-20.
- - This notes that that the cultural heritage of many countries is being permanently lost due to looting.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1994 A Corruption of the Record. Archaeology
47(3):24-25.
- - The Getty Kouros Colloquium was conducted to verify the authenticity and prevent scandal over the $9 million purchase of a (forged) artifact. No conclusions were reached, nor did it reveal how the marble kouros was purchased from looters.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1995 "Conservators and Unprovenanced Objects: Preserving the Cultural
Heritage or Servicing the Antiquities Trade?" in Antiquities, Trade
or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical, and Conservation Issues edited by
Kathryn W. Tubb, pp. 244-255. Archetype, London.
- - This piece notes how the action of professionals can add value to looted artifacts.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1995 Greece v. Ward: The Return of Mycenaean Artifacts.
International Journal of Cultural Property 4(2):119-128
- - This describes the return of looted cultural treasures to Greece.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1995 "A Comment." In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges
for the 1990s, edited by Mark J. Lynott and Alison Wylie, pp. 77-79.
Society for American Archaeology Special Report, Washington, D.C.
- - This is a short comment on archaeological ethics.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1995 Coin Funds Collapse. Archaeology 48(1):16.
- - This is a discussion of coins as collected artifacts.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1996 "A Seductive and Troubling Work." Review of The
Cycladic Spirit: Masterpieces from the Nicholas P. Goulandris
Collection by Colin Renfrew; reprinted in Archaeological
Ethics edited by K.D. Vitelli, pp. 54-61. Altamira Press,
London. (originally published in Archaeology 1993 46(1):64,66-69)
- - This is a controversial critique of Renfrew's book. It protests that publishing Cycladic figurine information encourages looting and manufacturing of fakes.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1996 Getty gets Fleischman Collection. Archaeology
49(5):28.
- - short account about the Getty Museum receiving the personal collection of a controversial collector.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1997 Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Archaeological
Resources. Nonrenewable Resources 6 (2): 85-98
- - Elia provides a general discussion of collecting artifacts from an archaeological perspective.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1997 Florida Treasure Hunters Fined. Archaeology
50(6):22.
- - This is a brief account of the successful conviction of looters.
- Elia, Ricardo J.
- 1997 New Import Agreements. Archaeology 50(5):26.
- - Ricardo details some of the new import restrictions on cultural artifacts.
- Ellis, H. Holmes
- 1940 A Study of the Oklahoma Eccentric Flints. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 49(2):120-127.
- - early lithic fakes
- Ewing, Douglas C.
- 1989 What is "Stolen"? The McClain Case Revisited. In The
Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose
Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.177-184.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - This article discusses different perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations.
- Eyster, J.
- 1995 United States v. Pre-Columbian Artifacts and the Republic of Guatemala. International Journal of Cultural Property 5(1)
F
- Fagan, Brian M.
- 1984 Archaeology and the Wider Audience. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 175-183. New York: The Free Press.
- - This details responsibilities to the public of archaeologists.
- Fagan, Brian M.
- 1992 The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists, and
Archaeologists in Egypt. Moyer Bell, Wakefield, R.I.
- - This book provides a history of the "collection" of Egyptian antiquities by Europeans.
- Fagan, Brian M.
- 1993 The arrogant archaeologist: ethics and conservation issues.
Archaeology 46(6):14-16.
- - Abstract: "Archaeologists have contributed to the problem of looting by emphasizing research, excavation and publication at the expense of conservation and ethical issues. Archaeologists need to examine their own priorities if they are to provide leadership in changing public attitudes toward looting of archaeological sites. Research is needed into the psychology of collecting and looting to develop strategies for archaeological resource conservation."
- Fagan, Brian M.
- 1995 Archaeology's dirty secret. Archaeology
48(4):14-17.
- - Fagan notes how archaeologists frequently fail to publish their research and equates this failure to looting.
- Fagan, Brian M.
- 1995 Enlightened stewardship. Archaeology 48(3):12-13,77.
- - Fagan describes the problem of protecting archaeological sites on private land in the US and a successful solution by the Archaeological Conservancy (link below).
- Falgayrettes-Leveau, Christiane and Michel Leveau
- 1995 Dogon art at the Musée Dapper: The last reunion?
African Arts 28(4):80-83,112.
- - This article is about the looting of Mali's cultural artifacts and their display in museums.
- Fasquelle, Ricardo A.
- 1984 La depredación del patrimonio cultural en Honduras: El caso de la arqueología. Yaxkin 7(3): 83-96.
- Fenn, Forrest
- 2001 The Infamous Woody Blackwell Fakes. Prehistoric American 35(1):40-41.
- - a defrauded collector complains and boasts
- Ferguson, T. J.
- 1984 Archaeological Ethics and Values in a Tribal Cultural Resource Management Program at the Pueblo of Zuni. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.224-235. New York: The Free Press.
- - This piece notes archaeologists' responsibilities to the public.
- Fifield, Terence E. and Jack Davis
- 2000 Archaeological resources protection act conviction on the Tongass
National Forest, Alaska. SAA Bulletin 18(1):29
- -
- Fiskesjö, Magnus
- 2002 Stoppa rovdriften [Stop the plunder. - Polemic against the international
trade in illicit antiquities]. Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm), July 30, Kultur/B2.
- 2002 Kinesiska bronser visas i syfte att vinna guld [Chinese Bronzes Shown For Gold]. Review of Museum exhibits at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA and Academia Sinica, Taipei. Axess [Stockholm], Oct. 1, 36-37.
- 2003 New Concepts for Collection Sharing: European-Asian Museum History, Its Discontents, and Possibilities for the Future. In Anna Karlström and Anna Källén (eds.) Fishbones and Glittering Emblems. Southeast Asian Archaeology 2002 (Proceedings of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists' 9th International Conference, Sigtuna, Sweden, 2002, Session 8: European Museums as Storehouses of Asian Heritage: Issues of Access and Interpretation). Stockholm: Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 459-69.
- 2003 Shui wei shijie wenhua fuze -- Yi ge xifang de bowuguan guanzhang de guandian [Who will take responsibility for the world cultural heritage? -- The view of a Western museum director]. Zhongguo wenwu bao (National Cultural Heritage Board, Beijing), Heritage Weekly supplement, Feb. 14, front page.
- 2003 Shiluo de wenming ["Lost Civilizations, Lost Choices"]. Dushu (Beijing) 2, 72-75.
- 2004 The China Connection: The Cross-Continental Ethics of Johan Gunnar Andersson and the Making of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. In Håkan Karlsson (ed.) Swedish Archaeologists on Ethics. Lindome: Bricoleur Press, 179-96.
- 2005 Forthcoming En främmande fågel i en förgylld bur: Reflektioner kring svenska Asiensamlingar (A Foreign Bird in a Golden Cage: On Asia Collections in Sweden). In Swedish. Res Publica 64 (Special issue on Collecting).
- 2002 Kinesiska bronser visas i syfte att vinna guld [Chinese Bronzes Shown For Gold]. Review of Museum exhibits at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA and Academia Sinica, Taipei. Axess [Stockholm], Oct. 1, 36-37.
- Fitting, James E.
- 1984 Economics and Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 117-122. New York: The Free Press.
- - Fitting describes archaeologists' responsibilities to the profession.
- Flaschar, Martin
- 2000 Bewahren als Problem. Freieburg
- -
- Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (ed.)
- 2003 Ethics and the Profession of Anthropology (2nd Ed.) Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press
- - reviewed in Anthropology Review Database http://wings.buffalo.edu/ARD/showme.cgi?keycode=2253 -- variety of chapters on NAGPRA, Kennewick Man case, cyberethics, and more -- useful as a text, extensively revised from 1991 version
- Fogelman, Gary
- 1999 Too Good To Be True: The Woody Blackwell Clovis “Cache”. Indian Artifact Magazine 18(3):8-9.
- - recent lithic fraud
- Ford, Richard L.
- 1984 Ethics and the Museum Archaeologist. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.133-142. New York: The Free Press.
- - Ford describes archaeologists' responsibilities to the profession.
- Fowler, Don D.
- 1984 Ethics in Contract Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 108-116. New York: The Free Press.
- - Fowler describes archaeologists' responsibilities to the profession.
- Frink, D.S.
- 1997 Managing the Public's Cultural Resources: From
Presentation to Participation. Journal of Middle Atlantic
Archaeology 13:161-165.
- - From the author <DSFrink@aol.com>: "(The) paper presents a public educational program for elementary schools using actual archaeological sites located on school land. The results of providing access and use of these resources to the community changes public perceptions toward conservation and protection and away from more destructive persuits of curriosity."
- Frison, George C.
- 1984 Avocational Archaeology: Its Past, Present, and Future. In Ethics
and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 184-193. New
York: The Free Press.
- - Frison describes archaeologists' responsibilities to the public.
- Frison, George, and Bruce Bradley
- 1999 The Fenn Cache Clovis Weapons and Tools. One Horse Land and Cattle Company, Santa Fe.
- - archaeologists publish a private collection
G
- Getty Information Institute
- 1998 Protecting Cultural Objects in the Global Information Society:
The Making of Object ID. Getty Information Institute, 1200 Gettey Center
Dr., Suite 300, Los Angeles, California, USA 90049-1680. (Fax: 310-440-7715).
- - This work describes a way of marking artifacts to inhibit theft.
- Gifford, Jack
- 1994 Smoke and mirrors, GE Gate, Part 2: "Now you see it, Now you don't".
Central States Archaeological Journal 41(2):60-63.
- - Gifford details the Art Gerber Case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana (in several parts).
- Gifford, Jack
- 1994 The spiders and the fly, GE Gate Part 3: Oh what tangled webs we weave.
Central States Archaeological Journal 41(3):126-128.
- - Gifford details the Art Gerber Case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana (in several parts).
- Gifford, Jack
- 1994 The spiders and the fly, GE Gate Part 3: Oh what tangled webs we weave.
Central States Archaeological Journal 41(4):192-195.
- - Gifford details the Art Gerber Case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana (in several parts).
- Gill, David
- 1993 Treasure hunting for the benefit of charities. Current Archaeology 135:119
- Gill, David
- 1994 Publishing unprovenanced artifacts: further observations.
Electronic Antiquity 2(2)
- - "Archaeological sites around the Mediterranean and elsewhere are suffering major damage due to systematic and illicit excavations in order to supply the needs of the antiquities market. This activity in turn feeds the appetites of the museums and the private collectors who are willing to buy." "Dr Gill's response follows on from the issues raised by Dr. McClellan, 'Publishing Unprovenanced Artifacts' and the response by Dr Hamma of the J. Paul Getty Museum in *EA* 2, 1 - June 1994."
- Gill, David
- 1994 Publishing unprovenanced artifacts: further observations. Electronic Antiquity 2.2
- Gill, David and K. Butcher
- 1990 Mischievous pastime or historical science? review article of Minerva Antiquity 64:946-50
- Gill, David and Christopher Chippindale
- 1993
Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures.
American Journal of Archaeology 97:601-59
- - fakes confuse archaeological record
- Gorall, R.
- 1996 A Vital Connection: Avocational Archaeologists
and the NYSAA. In A Golden Chronograph for Robert E. Funk
edited by C. Lindner and E.V. Curtin, pp. 41-44. Occasional
Papers in Northeastern Anthropology No. 15. Arcaheological
Services, Bethlehem, CT
- Gorall, former president of the New York State Archaeological Association, describes the role avocationalists play in archaeology.
- Gorvy, Brett
- 1991 To catch a thief. Antique Collector (UK) 62(9):68-71.
- - From Laura Pope Robbins: "The motives behind art theft are examined by the author. The article includes statistics that show art theft is on the rise and notes the difficulty in recovering stolen art works and convicting the criminals. Preventing and combatting art theft is also discussed."
- Graepler, Daniel
- 2004 Archäologie und illegaler Antikenhandel: die Rolle der Universitätssamlungen" in Wolf-Dieter Heilmeyer and J. Cordelia Eule's Illegale Archäologie?: 116-130
- -
- Graepler, D. and Marina Mazzei
- 1996 Provenienza: sconosciuta! Tombaroli, mercanti e collezionisti:
L'Italia archeologica allo sbaraglio Bari: Edipuglia.
- - also published in German under the title of Fundort Unbekannt: Raubgrabungen zerstoren das archaologische Erbe (Heidelberg 1993)
- Graham, Ian
- 1997 Mission to La Corona. Archaeology 50(5): 46
- Graham, Ian
- 1988 Homeless hieroglyphs. Antiquity 62(234): 122-126
- Graham, Ian
- 1980 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 2, part 3,: Ixkun, Ucanal, Ixtutz, Naranjo. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Boston.
- Graham, Ian
- 1978 Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 2, part 2,: Naranjo, Chunhuitz, Xunantunich. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Boston.
- Graham, Ian
- 1968 Looters rob graves and history. National Geographic 169(4): 452-461
- Gramly, Richard Michael
- 1996 What is Looting? Indian-Artifact Magazine 15(1):53.
- - From the perspective from an archaeologist who actively works with collectors, this letter/editorial condemns use of "looting" as improperly applied by 'professional' archaeologists and suggests they should be educating instead of name-calling.
- Green, Dee F.
- 1984 Ethical Dilemmas in Federal Cultural Resource Management. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 97-107. New York: The Free Press.
- - Green describes the responsibilities of archaeologists to the profession.
- Green, Ernestene L. (editor)
- 1984 Ethics and Values in Archaeology. New York: The Free Press.
- - This book has copies of the Society of Professional Archaeologists Code of Ethics & Standards of Research Performance; Society for American Archaeology Ethics for Archaeology; and American Anthropological Association Statements on Ethics. The enclosed chapters address the background to the ethics question, responsibilities of archaeologists to the public, and to the profession.
- Greenfield, Jeanette
- 1996 The Return of Cultural Treasures, Second Edition. CUP,
Cambridge.
- - The author discusses historical, legal, and political issues surrounding cases of stolen art treasures (e.g. "Elgin Marbles", treasures held by Russia), paleontological objects, and cultural objects (e.g. Icelandic manuscripts, Mesoamerican artifacts, Hebrew Manuscripts in the Vatica, Dead Sea Scrolls). She mentions infamous "collectors" such as Aurel Stein and André Malraux. There are many illustrations and a large bibliography.
- Griffin, Gillett G.
- 1989 Collecting Pre-Columbian Art. In The Ethics of Collecting
Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis
Mauch Messenger, pp.103-116. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - The author provides options to the "cultural steward" question.
- Griffen, Gillett
- 1986 In defense of the collector. National Geographic 169(4): 462-465
- Gutchen, Mark
- 1982 The Maya Crisis and the Law: Current United States and the international law of the Maya antiquities trade. Arizona Journal of Trade and International Law 1(1): 283-309.
- Gutchen, Mark
- 1983 The destruction of archaeological resources in Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology. 10: 217-228.
H
- Hairs, Joya
- 1973 La operación rescate: un recurso de emergencia para salvar el patrimonio arqueológico de Guatemala. Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala. 46(1/4): 166-168.
- Halsey, J.R.
- 1991 "State Secrets": the protection and management of
archaeological site information in Michigan. In Ethics
and Professional Anthropology, edited by C. Fluehr-Lobban,
pp. 115-119. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.
- - This item notes how the publishing of archaeological site locations in reports puts them at risk from collectors and looters.
- Hamilton, C.E.
- 1995 A cautionary perspective. In Ethics in American
Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's, edited by M.J.
Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 57-63. Special Report. Society for
American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
- - Hamilton stresses the value of archaeological information over the artifacts themselves (e.g. let commercial excavators sell or keep the artifacts after the information is recorded).
- Hamilton, Henry W.
- 1952 The Spiro Mound. The Missouri Archaeologist 14:1-276.
- - includes info on looting of site
- Hansen, R.D.
- 1997 Plundering the past. Archaeology 50(5): 48-49
- Harrington, S.P.M.
- 1998 "Plundering
the Three Gorges" Archaeology Online News
May 14.
- - Briefly describes the "unprecedented rash of looting is following in the wake of construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the middle reaches of China's Yangtze River"
- 1991 The looting of Arkansas. Archaeology 44(3):22-31.
- - The increased value of antiquities has lead to looting of more archaeological sites.
- - Briefly describes the "unprecedented rash of looting is following in the wake of construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the middle reaches of China's Yangtze River"
- Harris, Leo J.
- 1989 From the Collector's Perspective: The Legality of Importing
Pre-Columbian Art and Artifacts. In The Ethics of Collecting
Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by
Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.155-176. Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press.
- - Harris provides perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations from the perspective of a collector.
- Hastorf, C. and I. Hodder
- 1991 Archaeology and the other. Anthropology UCLA 18(1):1-11.
- - (This item may contain relevant information on archaeological professionalism, but I have not yet been able to examine a copy.)
- Healy, Paul F.
- 1984 Archaeology Abroad: Ethical Considerations of Fieldwork in Foreign Countries. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 123-132. New York: The Free Press.
- - Healy describes the duties of archaeologists to the profession.
- Heilmeyer, Wolf-Dieter & J. Cordelia Eule (eds.)
- 2004 Illegale Archäologie? Weissensee Verlag, Berlin
- -
- Herscher, Ellen
- 1984 The antiquities market: news and commentary on the illicit
trade in antiquities. Journal of Field Archaeology 11(4): 421-430.
- - Herscher comments on current trends in the stolen antiquities market.
- Herscher, Ellen
- 1989 International Control Efforts: Are There Any Good Solutions?
In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose
Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.117-128.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - This article provides options in the "cultural steward" question.
- Hester, Peter
- 1990 Thoughts on Collecting Indian-Artifact Magazine
9(1):48-49.
- - Hester discusses a collector's view of collecting.
- Hester, Thomas R.
- 1999 Observations on Fraudulent Artifacts in the Borderlands. La Tierra 26(3):1-6.
- - fakes and markets
- Hicks, Robert D.
- 1999 Theft of Historic Resources.
Sample Directives Manual for Virginia Law-Enforcement Agencies.
Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services.
- - From a sample law-enforcement policy manual intended to help agencies develop written policies on standard topics. The orders can be downloaded and then adjusted to suit local circumstances.
- 1999 End-of-Millenium (Almost) Report on Time Crime (including sidebar Bringing Out the Dead). Virginia Archaeologist, the newsletter of COVA 16(2).
- - "The purpose of this article is to acquaint archaeologists with highlights from three years of the program, discuss the nature and extent of archaeological looting in Virginia, and meditate on the future. Although the time crime program has proceeded in directions quite unanticipated three years ago, the most persistent problems or questions raised by law-enforcement officers concern human burials."
- 1997 Time Crime: Protecting the Past for Future Generations FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 66.7 (July):1-7
- - From the article: "Whether taken by naive hobbyists or plundered by sophisticated criminals, the legacy of our ancestors is in jeopardy."
- - From a sample law-enforcement policy manual intended to help agencies develop written policies on standard topics. The orders can be downloaded and then adjusted to suit local circumstances.
- Hingston, Ann Guthrie
- 1989 U.S. Implementation of the UNESCO Cultural Property Convention.
In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose
Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.129-148. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
- - Hingston provides more options in the "cultural steward" question.
- Hofstadter, Dan
- 1994 Goldberg's Angel: An Adventure in the Antiquities Trade.
New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroud.
- -
- Holloway, Marguerite
- 1995 The Preservation of the Past. Scientific American:98-101.
- - Abstract: "Conservators are racing to save monuments threatened by development, pollution, looting and neglect. In the process, they are transforming the field of archaeology into a new science."
- Holtorf, Cornelius, and Tim Schadla-Hall
- 1999 Age as Artefact: On Archaeological Authenticity. European Journal of Archaeology 2(2):229-247.
- Hoopes, John W.
- 1997
Ordeal in Chiapas: Archaeologists Survive Attack During Attempt to
Rescue Maya Altar from Looters
SAA Bulletin 15(4)
- - Hoopes describes the experiences of University of Calgary archaeologist Peter Mathews' encounter with looters while trying to save a Mayan alter in Chiapas.
- Hosty, Kieran
- 1995 A matter of ethics: shipwrecks, salvage, archaeology and museums.
Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology
19(1):33-36.
- - Museums like to produce "blockbuster" exhibitions to attract large crowds for much-needed revenue, but these may bring them in "direct conflict with established archaeological principles and museum ethics..." (p.33). The articles describes the Australian National Maritime Museum's 1995 RMS Titanic Exhibition, apparently including artifacts looted from the wreck.
- Hothem, Lar
- 1992 Fake Chipped Artifacts: Some Considerations. Hothem House, Lancaster.
- - collector, detection tips
- 1990 Part 1: Thoughts on collecting, from the readers and others. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 4-13
- 1990 Part II: On the value of amateurs, collectors, and collecting. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 18-27
- 1990 Part III: Positions & legislation. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 28-37
- 1990 Part IV: Bad news -- articles by anti-collecting professionals. Indian-Artifact Magazine 9: 38-46
- - collector, detection tips
- Howard, Calvin
- 1994 Natural Indicators of Lithic Artifact Authenticity. North American Archaeologist 15(4):321-330.
- Howard, Calvin
- 2001 Authentication Analysis of the Angus Nebraska Fluted Point. Plains Anthropologist 46(177):323-325.
- Hutt, Sherry, Elwood Jones, and Martin McAllister
- 1992 Archeological Resource Protection. Washington, D.C.:
Preservation Press.
- Robert Hicks "...excellent history of archeological protection laws... section on law enforcement investigative methods is a bit slim.... (misses) last six years' worth of ARPA cases..."
I
- Ilan, D. et al.
- 1989 Plundered! Biblical Archaeological Review XV(2): 38-42
- -
- Isler-Kerenyi, Cornelia
- 1994 Are collectors the real looters? Antiquity 68(259):350-2
- - The illicit trade in archeological artifacts is the result of individual collectors and museums. The author suggests putting all of the great monies collectors currently use to purchase objects into care and study of objects (ideally in situ), and training of archaeologists and conservationists (this is a "note" which adds to the feud between Elia (1993 & 1996) and Renfrew (1993) above).
J
- Jansen, Michael
- 2005 War and Cultural Heritage: Cyprus after the 1974 Turkish Invasion. Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs 14. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Modern Greek Studies, University of Minnesota. 92pp. ISBN: 1057-3941
- - "The book, whose introduction of 11 pages is exclusively on the looting of Iraq after the 2003 invasion, is now going through a second edition and will appear in May 2006." [T.G. Stavrou]
- Jelks, E.B.
- 1995 Professionalism and the Society of Professional
Archaeologists. In Ethics in American Archaeology:
Challenges for the 1990's, edited by M.J. Lynott and A.
Wylie, pp. 14-16. Special Report. Society for American
Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
- - Jelks mentions the desire for standards which led to founding of SOPA.
- Jenkins, Chris L.
- 2002
In Va., a Vanishing Era Civil War Relic Hunters Running Out of Relics -- and Places to Look
Washington Post Wednesday, April 24, 2002; Page B01
- - relic-hunters face scarcer pickings due to increasing numbers of hunters, increasingly limited access (laws, urban sprawl), and depletion of the resource base
- Jenkins, Simon
- 2007 In Iraq's four-year looting frenzy, the allies have become the vandals. The Guardian June 8, 2007. Online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2098272,00.html
- - "British and American collusion in the pillaging of Iraq's heritage is a scandal that will outlive any passing conflict..."
- Jenks, Albert Ernest
- 1900 A Remarkable Counterfeiter. American Anthropologist 2:292-296.
- - early lithic fakes
- Jeske, Robert J.
- 1997 Who Owns the Artifacts?
The
Glyph (San Diego Society, a Chapter of the Archaeological
Institute of America) September Issue
- - This is part of the "Pot-diggers: Property Rights, and Public Interest - A Debate" along with Jeff Meek: "Private Property Rights and the Value of Archaeological Artifacts". Jeske addresses the issue of property rights from the archaeological (and government/societal) standpoint, that they are only rights as dictated by the state, and stand in the way of the protection of cultural heritage.
- Jonathan Jones, Jonathan
- 2007 The Parthenon marbles should not be returned to Greece Guardian Unlimited: Arts blog. October 18, 2007. Online: http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/art/2007/10/the_parthenon_marbles_should_not_be_returned_to_greece.html
- - He begins "The British Museum must hold its ground. And I think people should shut up and look at the art, instead of turning it into a trite talking point." Followed with responses by others. [Elgin Marbles]
- Jones, Mark
- 1990 Fake? The Art of Deception. Trustees of the British Museum, London.
- - British Museum exhibit
K
- Kaiser, T.
- 1990 The antiquities market. Journal of Field Archaeology
17:205-210.
- - Kaiser provides four case studies on looted/stolen artifacts, including Sipan Moche, the Cyprus mosaics, the Icklingham bronzes, and the Mexico City National Museum of Anthropology break-in.
- Kaiser, T.
- 1991 The thieves of time and their accomplices. Journal of
Field Archaeology 18:87-89.
- - Kaiser describes thefts from Greek museums.
- Karlsson, Håkan (ed.)
- 2004 Swedish Archaeologists on Ethics. Lindome: Bricoleur Press
- - eighteen papers demonstrating Swedish views on the moral/ethical issues in contemporary archaeology that are not always in alignment with the UK or USA; only the papers by Lunden and Fiskesjö specifically address looting
- Kemp, Donna M.
- 2000 Site now locked to keep vandals from trashing history.
Site now locked to keep vandals from trashing history.
January 23 DeseretNews.com.
- - due to repeat looting and vandalism, two caves in Utah are now fenced to limit access, but looting continues
- King, Jaime Lituak
- 1989 Cultural Property and National Sovereignty. In The
Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose
Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.199-208.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - Perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations are described.
- King, Thomas F.
- 2000 It's an adverse effect to destroy an archaeological site!
(Duh!) Part One. SAA Bulletin 18(1):19-20
- - changes to the US Advisory Council on Historic Preservation regulations, removal of the "research exception", where an agency could destroy a site if it was valueable only for its research potential
- King, Thomas F.
- 1991 "Some dimensions of the pothunting problem" in
Protecting the Past edited by George S. Smith and John E.
Ehrenhard. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- - (This item may contain relevant information on looting, but I have not yet been able to examine a copy.)
- King, T.F.
- 1985 The Whiddah and the ethics of cooperating with
pothunters: a view. SOPA Newsletter 9(3-4):1-3.
- - King stresses the value of archaeological information over the artifacts themselves (e.g. let commercial excavators sell or keep the artifacts after the information is recorded). There is a rebuttal by W.B. Lees and subsequent discussion in SOPA News 9(6) and 15(8-9) (can anyone get me a copy of these...??).
- King, T.F.
- 1985 Sheep don't take very good care of themselves: a
response to Lees. SOPA Newsletter 9(6):4-8.
- - King stresses the value of archaeological information over the artifacts themselves (e.g. let commercial excavators sell or keep the artifacts after the information is recorded).
- Kingstone, Steve
- 2008 Spain seizes 'priceless' antiques. BBC News May 6, 2008
Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7385775.stm
- - "Spanish police have arrested a couple accused of illegally trafficking a "priceless" haul of artefacts from Latin America for resale in Europe.... It is alleged that the historic treasures were plundered from archaeological sites - mostly in Peru and Ecuador - and then sold on to the couple through middlemen in Colombia.... The confiscated artefacts are due to be analysed at a museum in Madrid, and will later be returned to their countries of origin."
- Kintigh, K.W.
- 1996 SAA Principles of archaeological ethics. SAA Bulletin
14(3):5,17.
- - Publication of the Society for American Archaeology's code of ethics (see link below).
- Kleiner, F.S.
- 1990 On the publication of recent acquisitions of
antiquities. American Journal of Archaeology 94:525-527.
- - The editor of American Journal of Archaeology decided to stop publishing articles which might elevate value of looted antiquities.
- Knudson, Ruthann
- 1984 Ethical Decision Making and Participation in the Politics of Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 243-263. New York: The Free Press.
- - This notes the archaeologist's responsibilities to the public.
- Koczka, Charles S.
- 1989 The Need for Enforcing Regulations on the International
Art Trade. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose
Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger,
pp.185-198. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - Koczka provides perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations.
- Koczka, Charles S.
- 1989 Some domestic and international laws and regulations
and their enforcers. Appendix I in The Ethics of Collecting
Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by
Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.253-256. Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press.
- - the author describes US and international laws and regulations concerning cultural property, and some of the regulatory bodies involved.
- Konaré, Alpha Oumar
- 1995 Toward more efficient international collaboration
African Arts 28(4):27-31.
- - This article is about looting of Mali's cultural artifacts and the need for more concerted efforts to stop it.
- Kouroupas, Maria Papageorge
- 1995 US efforts to protect cultural property:
implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention
African Arts 28(4):32-41.
- - This describes how the US is trying to limit the looting of cultural artifacts, focusing lon the ooting in Mali.
L
- Labi, Aisha and Simon Robinson
- 2001 Looting Africa. Time July 30. 158(4):50-2.
- Url: LootingAfrica_TimeJul30_01.pdf.
- - "Theft, illicit sales, poverty and war are conspiring to rob a continent of its rich artistic heritage..." Quick jump into some of the issues, personalities, and emotions that underlie the whole looting prohblem for heritage pieces in the world of art.
- Url: LootingAfrica_TimeJul30_01.pdf.
- Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C.
- 1995 review of "Sir Aurel Stein and Was There a Bronze Age Silk
Road?" by Annabel Walker The Review of Archaeology 16(2):1-5.
- - During the Second Expedition to Chinese Turkestan, Stein brought back seven camel loads of cultural treasures, including thousands of manuscripts, paintings and textiles from the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas at Tun-huang, China, purchased from a local priest for 130 pounds sterling and taken without official permission.
- Lazrus, Paula Kay
- 1995 "Is field survey always non-destructive? Thoughts on survey
and looting in Sardinia". Journal of Field Archaeology 22:131-135.
- - From the abstract: "Archaeologists are not always aware of the ways in which seemingly innocuous research techniques may result in increased activity on the part of looters and others involved in the traffic in antiquities."
- Legassick, Martin and Ciraj Rassool
- 2000 Skeletons in the Cupboard: South African Museums and the Trade in
Human Remains, 1907-1917. Cape Town: South African Museum
- - archaeologists & museologists acknowledge and condemn historical unscrupulous methods of acquiring collections...
- Levy, Janet
- 1995 Ethics code of the American Anthropological
Association and its relevance for SAA. In Ethics in American
Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's, edited by M.J. Lynott
and A. Wylie, pp. 86-293 Special Report. Society for American
Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
- - Levy describes the importance of the American Anthropological Association code of ethics for archaeology (see link to their Web site below).
- Lipe, William D.
- 1996 In defense of digging: archaeological preservation as a means, not an end. CRM Magazine 19(5):23-5.
- - on federal preservation policies and question of why sites should even be dug by archaeologists
- - Levy describes the importance of the American Anthropological Association code of ethics for archaeology (see link to their Web site below).
- Lipe, Bill and Vin Steponaitis
- 1998 SAA to promote professional standards through ROPA
sponsorship. SAA Bulletin 16(2):1,16-17.
- - Two leading figures in the Society for American Archaeology describe the newly formed Register of Professional Archaeologists.
- Livoti, Sandy (with Jon Kiesa)
- 1997 Adventures in Stone Artifacts: A Family Guide to
Arrowheads and Other Artifacts. Adventure Publications, Cambridge, MN.
- - From the perspective of a collector, this controversial book details legal issues, discourages excavation, encourages recording and reporting to government agencies. It includes an interesting note from the publisher which describes the uproar over its publication.
- Locke, John
- 1689 Two Treatises of Government. Republished by Wikipedia, online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government
- - Used by people advocating fewer goverment regulations, " The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha and the Second Treatise outlines a theory of civil society based on natural rights and contract theory."
- Lubow, Arthur
- 2007 The Possessed. New York Times Magazine Jun 24 2007. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/magazine/24MachuPicchu-t.html
- - Machu Picchu bone and ceramic artifacts collected by Hiram Bingham are Yale's Peabody Museum. Debate concerns whether they should be repatriated.
- Lunden, Staffan
- 2004 The Scholar and the Market: Swedish Scholarly Contributions to the Destruction of the World's Archaeological Heritage. In Swedish Archaeologists on Ethics edited by Håkan Karlsson. Lindome: Bricoleur Press.
URL: (Lunden2004.pdf)- - Describes how Swedish archaeologists have contributed to the legitimacy of those dealing and collecting looted antiquities.
- Luxner, Larry
- 1993 Preserving pirate plunders: preserving underwater
cultural resources of the Dominican Republic.
Americas (English Edition) 45(5):4-5
- - This article concerns Jerome Lynn Hall, founder of the Pan-American Institute of Maritime Archeology and excavator of shipwrecks in the Dominican Republic, who believes all treasures found in these wrecks should be given back to the government and put together in a public research facility.
- Lynott, M.J.
- 1997 Ethical principles and archaeological practice:
development of an ethics policy. American Antiquity
62(4):589-599.
- - Lynott, a key figure in the area of archaeological ethics in the US, discusses the history and development of archaeological ethics, briefly mentioning SOPA and ROPA, and focusing on the SAA's Principles of Archaeological Ethics (see links below).
- Lynott, M.J. and Vincas P. Steponaitis
- 1998 Training Students in Archaeological Ethics. Paper prepared for
the SAA workshop on "Enhancing Undergraduate and Graduate Education and Training
in Public Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management" held at Wakulla Springs,
Florida, February 5-8, 1998. Draft of January 4, 1998.
- Briefly discusses formal training and professionalism.
- Lynott, M.J. and A. Wylie (eds.)
- 2000 Ethics in American Archaeology 2nd Edition.
- - [see first edition notes below below]
- 1995 Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
- - This special report was stimulated by debate over use of data from looted or commercial contexts.
- - [see first edition notes below below]
- Lyons, Claire L.
- 2003 in press. Theft, Forgery and Illicit Traffic: Preventive Strategies,
in A. St. Clair and P. O'Keefe (eds) Art, Antiquity and the Law:
Preserving Our Global Cultural Heritage. Rutgers: Rutgers University
Press.
- -
- 2003 Archaeology, Conservation, and the Ethics of Sustainability,* in R. Leventhal and J. Papadopoulos (eds), Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology: Old and New World Perspectives. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology UCLA. pp.299-308.
- -
- 2002 Objects and Identities: Claiming and Reclaiming the Past, in E. Barkan and R. Bush (eds) Claiming the Stones/Naming the Bones: Cultural Property and the Negotiation of National and Ethnic Identity. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications. pp. 116-37.
- - analyzes opposing legal briefs on the "Steinhardt gold phiale" case.
- 2000 Il caso del piatto d'oro siciliano: I giudici confermano la confisca, with P. Gerstenblith. Kalos. Arte in Sicilia.
- -
- 2000 Responsabilita professionali: recenti iniziative dell*Istituto Archeologico d*America,* in P. Pelagatti and P. G. Guzzo eds, Antichita senza provenienza II, Bollettino d*Arte 101-102 Rome: Istituto Poligrafico. pp.159-63.
- - Professional ethics and the responsibility of the archaeologist.
- 1999 U.S. Collector and Museums challenge Italian Law, Kalos. Arte in Sicilia (March 1999);
- - reprinted as "La battaglia per la 'phiale'," La Sicilia, Catania, March 11
- -
M
- Mackenzie, Simon and Penny Green
- 2008 Performative Regulation: A Case Study in How Powerful People Avoid Criminal Labels The British Journal of Criminology 48:138-153 (2008) (a href="http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/2/138">abstract online)
- - "explores the role of invested powerful business actors in the criminalization process as applied to the illicit antiquities market... a case study of the precise mechanics of the role played by trade interests in the formation of the Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003... illustrates that powerful white-collar criminals, as well as sometimes preventing criminal legislation entering the statute books, can also influence the design of criminal legislation that does enter the statute books in order to protect themselves and their own business interests"
- Mackey, Larry A.
- 1995 "The Art Gerber prosecution: A case study in interstate
trafficking of stolen artifacts". Paper presented at the 60th
Society for American Archaeology Annual Meetings, Minneapolis, May
3-7, 1995.
- - This summarizes the Art Gerber Case, involving destruction of a Hopewell mound in Indiana.
- Magness-Gardiner, Bonnie
- 1998
Considerations on Creating an Archaeological Image Database
Archaeology Data Service Online 3. Online:
http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/newsletter/
- - The author describes a pilot project of a database to distribute illustrations of archaeological artifacts to Customs agents to fight the illegal antiquities trade.
- Majd, Mohammad Gholi
- 2003 The Great American Plunder of Persia's Antiquities, 1925-1941.
Lanham, MD: University Press of America
- - "Using recently declassified State Department records, Mohammad Gholi Majd describes the manner in which the U.S. government had guided and assisted American museums in acquiring vast quantities of Persian antiquities and archaeological finds..." (blurb)
- - politically charged account with basic assumption that no antiquities should have left Iran for any reason
- - "Using recently declassified State Department records, Mohammad Gholi Majd describes the manner in which the U.S. government had guided and assisted American museums in acquiring vast quantities of Persian antiquities and archaeological finds..." (blurb)
- Mallouf, Robert J.
- 1996 An Unraveling Rope: The Looting of America's Past. American Indian
Quarterly 20(2):197-208.
- - From the author: "This article discusses the history of archaeological site looting and explores the mechanisms through which individuals having a rudimentary interest in history sometimes evolve a looting mentality. The sometimes strained relationship between Native Americans and archaeologists caused by repatriation issues has tended to draw attention away from, and possibly exacerbate, problems of looting."
- Maniscalco, Fabio
- 2005 Protection, conservation and exploitation of Palestinian cultural property. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 5. Edited by F. Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
- - problems in protection of cultural patrimony of Palestine
- 2004 Protection, conservation and exploitation of underwater cultural patrimony. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 4. Edited by F. Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
- - problems in protection of underwater cultural property
- 2002 La tutela dei beni culturali in Italia. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 1. Edited by Fabio Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
- - problems in protection of cultural property and theft of art in Italy
- 2002 Protection of cultural patrimony in war areas. In Mediterraneum. Protection of cultural and environmental patrimony, vol. 2. Edited by F. Maniscalco. Naples: University L’Orientale of Naples
- - problems in protection of cultural property and theft of art in war areas
- 2000 Furti d’autore. Naples: Massa
- - theft of art in Naples-Italy since the end of the WWII), realized in cooperation with the Italian Cmomando Carabinieri
- - problems in protection of cultural patrimony of Palestine
- Maniscalco, Fabio (ed.)
- 2007 Mediterraneum. World Heritage and War, vol. 3. Naples:
University L\222Orientale of Naples
- - problems and issues regarding the safeguarding and conservation of cultural heritage in warzones http://www.massaeditore.com/worldheritage.htm (English and Italian)
- Masse, W. Bruce and Linda M. Gregonis
- 1996 The art, science, and ethics of avocational archaeology:
Alice Hubbard Carpenter: The Legacy and Context of a Southwestern
Avocational Archaeologist. Journal of the Southwest 38(3):367
- - The authors recognize the strong role avocationalists have played in archaeology, and their strength in communicating with the public.
- Matsuda, David
- 1994 Looted Artifacts: Seeds of Change in Latin America.
Anthropos 89:222-224.
- - anthropologist studying cultural change in Latin America tags along with Maya huaqueros looting house mounds; notes use of agricultural metaphors like "seed", that artifacts are "a gift from the ancestors", and indigenes "practice looting as an adapative survival strategy"
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1978 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in Europe. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 1, Acoma Books, Ramona.
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1980 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in the United States. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 2, Acoma Books, Ramona.
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1984 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance in Middle America. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 3, Acoma Books, Ramona.
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1987 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 1. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 4, Verlag Von Fleming, Berlin.
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1989 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 2. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 5, Verlag Von Fleming, Berlin.
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1991 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 3. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 6, Verlag Von Fleming, Berlin.
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1993 Naranjo Stela 12 in Geneva. Mexicon 15(1): 6
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1994 Aguateca Stela 1 mutilated. Mexicon 16(2): 25
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1994 La Amelia Stela 1 fragments reunited. Mexicon 16(6): 112
- Mayer, Karl Herbert
- 1995 Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance, Supplement 4. Maya Monuments: Sculptures of Unknown Provenance 7, Academic Publishers.
- Mayer, Robert G.
- 1997 letter to the editor of Toronto Life
- rebuttal to "Behind this Door" Article by Elaine Dewar May 1997 Issue of Toronto Life
- McAllister, Martin E.
- 1991 "Looting and vandalism of archaeological resources on federal and Indian lands in the United States" in Protecting the Past edited by George S. Smith and John E. Ehrenhard. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- McAltister, Martin E., J. Scott Wood, and Dorothy M. Goddard
- 1984 "Cultural Resource Law Enforcement in the United States
responsibilities to the profession". In Ethics and Values in
Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 156-170. New York:
The Free Press.
- - responsibilities to the public
- McDougall, Liam
- 2003 US accused of
plans to loot Iraqi antiques. Sunday Herald - 06 April 2003
- "Fears that Iraq's heritage will face widespread looting at the end of the Gulf war have been heightened after a group of wealthy art dealers secured a high-level meeting with the US administration."
- McGimsey, Charles R., III
- 1984 The Value of Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 171-174. New York: The Free Press.
- - responsibilities to the public
- McGimsey, Charles R., III
- 1995 Standards, ethics, and archaeology: a brief history. In
Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's,
edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 11-13. Special
Report. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
- - mentions desire for ethical guidelines which led to founding of SOPA
- McGimsey, Charles R., III, H.A. Davis, and C. Chapman
- 1995 SAA, SHA, SOPA, AIA discuss Register of Professional
Archaeologists. SHA Newsletter 28(3):10-15.
- - mentions development of ROPA
- - see link below...
- - mentions development of ROPA
- McIntosh, Roderick J., Tereba Togola, and Susan Keech McIntosh
- 1995 The Good Collector and the premise of mutual respect among
nations. African Arts 28(4):60-69,110-111.
- - about looting of Mali's cultural artifacts
- McManamon, F.P.
- 1996 The Antiquities Act: Setting basic preservation policies.
CRM Magazine 19(5):19-23.
- - on federal preservation policies
- 1991 The many publics for archaeology. American Antiquity 56:121-130.
- -
- - on federal preservation policies
- McNaughton, Patrick R.
- 1995 Malian antiquities and contemporary desire.
African Arts 28(4):22-71.
- - guest editorial
- Meier, Barry and Martin Gottlieb
- 2004 An Illicit Journey Out of Egypt, Only a Few Questions Asked.
New York Times Feb 23 International
- - Ongoing looting in Egypt despite government regulations. In this case, the Pasenenkhons stela reaches the US only to be seized and its story reveals much about the looting industry. Online: http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/23/international/23ANTI.html?hp
- Meighan, Clement W.
- 1984 Archaeology: Science or Sacrilege? In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 208-223. New York: The Free Press.
- - responsibilities to the public
- Messenger, Phyllis Mauch (editor)
- 1989 The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture?
Whose Property? Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - "The purpose of this volume is to present a range of perspectives on issues relating to the ownership and preservation of the artifacts of past cultures." (p. xix); includes perspectives of the "victims" (Case Studies), options in the cultural steward question, perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations, and a round table on working out the differences (core of the volume was from a 1986 conference on ethics of collecting held in Minneapolis, others are from 1987 SAA Conference in Toronto, and several invited contributions)
- - all articles are listed herein
- - "The purpose of this volume is to present a range of perspectives on issues relating to the ownership and preservation of the artifacts of past cultures." (p. xix); includes perspectives of the "victims" (Case Studies), options in the cultural steward question, perceptions and conditions on cultural property regulations, and a round table on working out the differences (core of the volume was from a 1986 conference on ethics of collecting held in Minneapolis, others are from 1987 SAA Conference in Toronto, and several invited contributions)
- Messenger, Phyllis Mauch
- 1989 Highlights of a Round Table Discussion and Some Recent
Developments in the Cultural Heritage Arena. In The Ethics of
Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited
by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.217-242. Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press.
- - round table on working out differences
- Meyer, Karl Ernest
- 1977 The Plundered Past: the Story of the Illegal International Traffic
in Works of Art. Atheneum Press, New York.
- - about the illegal trade in art and archaeological obejects from 1900 to 1975, and mentions Elgin marbles (and Byron), Boston Museum's Raphael, Mayan and Etruscan tomb raiders, and collecters such as Leon Pomerance, Norton Simon, and Thomas Hoving; from Laura Pope Robbins: "This book is considered the best work on the topic of antiquities theft and trade for the general reader. It attempts to provide comprehensive documentation of the destruction and theft of the artifacts of the past. Within it are several extensive appendixes which include the United States Antiquity Legislation, a list of major art thefts from 1911-1972, and many other pieces of pertinent information. An extensive 24-page bibliography is also included."
- Middlemas, Keith
- 1975 The Double Market: Art Theft and Art Thieves. Saxon House,
Fanborough, UK.
- - from Laura Pope Robbins: "This source is based upon information received from thieves, receivers, antique dealers, security agents, auction houses, private collectors, and journalists, as well as national police forces. It is indexed and makes use of cross-referencing. There is no bibliography, however, it contains some bibliographical material on a chapter-by-chapter basis."
- Miller, G.L.
- 1992 The second destruction of the Geldermalsen. Historical Archaeology 26(4):124-131.
- Mis, Alvaro Gálvez
- 1995 Sigue el saqueo en ciudades mayas de Petén. Prensa Libra, 22 de Julio de 1995, p. 8, Ciudad de Guatemala.
- Morrison, Karl F.
- 1992 Ethics and Traffic in Stolen Goods: The Wronged Images of Lysi. Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 8:414-421
- - review article
- Muensterberger, Werner
- 1994 Collecting, An Unruly Passion: Psychological Perspectives. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- Muñoz, J. Luján
- 1985 Acerca de la recuperación de varias esculturas mayas que salieron ilegalmente de Guatemala. Mesoamérica. 10(10): 459-470
- Muñoz, J. Luján
- 1969 Algunos problemas sobre la protección de los bienes culturales de Guatemala. Antropología e Historia de Guatemala. 21(1-2): 3-21
- Munson, Cheryl Ann, Marjorie M. Jones, and Robert E. Fry
- 1995 GE Mound: An ARPA Case Study. American Antiquity 60(1):131-159.
- Murphy, Larry E., Mary C. Beaudry, Richard E.W. Adams, and James A. Brown
- 1995 Commercialization: beyond the law or above it? Ethics and
the selling of the archaeological record. In Ethics in American
Archaeology: Challenges for the 1990's, edited by M.J. Lynott and A.
Wylie, pp. 38-41. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology,
Washington, D.C.
- -
- Muscarella, Oscar White
- 2007 "Archaeology and the Plunder Culture" International Journal of the Classical Tradition: 41(1/2): 221-234
- -
- 2000 The Lie Became Great: The Forgery of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures. Groningen: Styx Publications.
- - "An important expose of the scholarly and museum "forgery culture," which tacitly condones the looting of ancient sites and the fabrication of contexts for the objects acquired."
- 1991 Review and critique of Phyllis Mauch Messenger's "The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property?" American Journal of Archaeology 95: 342-344
- -
- 1984 "Amateur Archaeologists" Letter to Editor Archaeology 37: 22-23
- -
- 1981 Report and critique of IFAR Symposium on the International Protection of Cultural Property Journal of Field Archaeology 8: 86-88
- -
- 1977-79 Three Congressional Record Publications of OWM's testimony regarding HR 3403: Serial 95-28 (1977): 86-88; Serial 96-52; Serial 96-52 (1979): 78-80
- -
- 1977-78 Publications about OWM testifying before The United States Senate on May 12, May 24, 1977, and January 26, 1978 (for attendance see: Archaeology 30, 1977: 279; Journal of Field Archaeology 5, 1978: 98-100
- -
- 1978 "Antiquities Legislation Debate" Archaeology 31: 60-61
- - "note contra André Emerich"
- 1977 'Ziwiye' and Ziwiye: the forgery of a provenience. Journal of Field Archaeology 4:196-219.
- - assemblage of NW Iranian artifacts constructed entirely on un-validated, un-provenienced, looted antiquities!
- 1976 "Antiquities Legislation Pending in Congress" Archaeology 29(4): 275-276
- - "OWM supports plunder restriction legislation, contra antiquities collector Leon Pomerance."
- 1974 "Colloquium: The Antiquities Market" Paper Two Journal of Field Archaeology 1: 221-222
- -
- 1973 "Antiquities and Collections: A Curator's Viewpoint" Association for Field Archaeology Newsletter 1(2): 2-5
- -
- -
N
- Nagin, Carl
- 1990 The Peruvian Gold Rush. Art and Antiques May, pp. 98-145.
- -
- 1986 Patrons of Plunder Boston Review 5-25
- -
- -
- Neary, John
- 1993 Project Sting: The latest tactic in the war on illegal
artifact trading is paying off in federal convictions and a
flood of information about dealers and their clients.
Archaeology 46(5):52-59
- - police action taken against archaeological looting
- New Zealand Archaeological Association
- 1993 Code of Ethics, New Zealand Archaeological Association.
Archaeology in New Zealand. 36(4):183
- -
- Newbert, David DeTar
- 1998 Selling counterfeits is a Crime. Prehistoric American 32(3):25.
- - collector's view on fakes
- Nichols, Deborah L, Anthony L. Klesert, and Roger Anyon
- 1989 Ancestral Sites, Shrines, and Graves: Native American Perspectives
on the Ethics of Collecting Cultural Properties. In The Ethics of Collecting
Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch
Messenger, pp.27-38. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - case studies of "victim's perspectives"
- Nickens, Paul R.
- 1991 "The destruction of archaeological sites and data" in
Protecting the Past edited by George S. Smith and John E.
Ehrenhard. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- -
- Norskov, V.
- 2002 Greek Vases in New Contexts: The Collecting and Trading of
Greek Vases: An Aspect of the Modern Reception of Antiquity. Aarhus:
Aarhus University Press.
- -
O
- Orson, Diane
2007 Yale Returns Peruvian Antiquities NPR Morning Edition September 18, 2007. Online: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14495762 (includes audio file)
- Orson, Diane
- - "Yale University agrees to return to Peru hundreds of artifacts from the Incan site of Machu Picchu. The objects have been at the center of a debate that has lasted almost a century [since they were excavated by archaeologist Hiram Bingham], and culminated last year when the government of Peru threatened to sue Yale to get the artifacts back." The National Geograhic Society encouraged Yale's Peabody Museum to return the artifacts after notes were discovered that showed Yale considere dthem to be owned by Peru.
- Overstreet, Robert M.
- 1995 The Overstreet Indian Arrowheads Identification and Price Guide, 4th ed. Avon Books, New York.
- Overstreet, Robert M. and Howard Peake
- 1991 The Official Overstreet Identification and Price Guide to Indian Arrowheads, 2nd ed.
The House of Collectibles/Random House, New York.
- - typical and popular artifact guides promoting collecting
P
- Pal, H. Bhisham
- 1992 The Plunder of Art. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi.
- - from Laura Pope Robbins: "This source focuses on the plunder of Indian religious artifacts. It discusses the psychological aspects of antique collectors who use illegal means to add to their collections and the psychological impact on the culture that loses its artifacts. Preventive measures are also discussed. There are three appendices which include the "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property" adopted by the UN in 1970, reprints from newspapers and periodicals, and a table illustrating the acceptance of the UN's convention by 65 states. The index is not cross-referenced and is very short. This source also contains many illustrations of artifacts that have been stolen and mutilated."
- Parezo, Nancy J. and Don D. Fowler
- Archaeological records preservation: an ethical obligation.
In Ethics in American Archaeology: Challenges
for the 1990's, edited by M.J. Lynott and A. Wylie, pp. 50-
55. Special Report. Society for American Archaeology,
Washington, D.C.
- -
- Pelagatti, P. and P.G. Guzzo
- 1997 Antichita senza provenienza II: Atti del
colloquio internazionale 17-18 Ottobre 1997, supplement to Bollettino
d'Arte 101-102.
- -
- Pendergast, David M. and Elizabeth Graham
- 1989 The Battle for the Maya Past: The Effects of International Looting
and Collecting in Belize. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property:
Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger,
pp.51-60. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - case studies of "victim's perspectives"
- Pendergast, D.M.
- 1991 And the loot goes on: winning some battles but not the
war. Journal of Field Archaeology 18:89-95.
- - increased value of antiquities has lead to looting of more archaeological sites
- Perino, Gregory
- 1993 Points & Barbs. Central States Archaeological
Journal 40(1): 49
- - comments on professionalism and collecting, also see letters in response in CSAJ 1993 49(2): 59 & 67 by Paul Rubenstein for Corps of Engineers; by Jay Clark (avocationalist); and in CSAJ 1993 40(4): 160-1 by Wayne Porter
- Perino, Gregory
- 1992 Points & Barbs. Central States Archaeological
Journal 39(4): 207
- - comments on professionalism and collecting
- Plog, Fred
- 1984 The Ethics of Excavation: Site Selection. In Ethics
and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp.
89-96. New York: The Free Press.
- - responsibilities to the profession
- Pokotylo, David
- 1999 Public Opinion and Archaeological Heritage: Views from
Outside the Profession. American Antiquity 64(3): 400-eoa.
- - public views of archaeology and heritage
- Povoledo, Elisabetta
- 2007 Getty to Return 40 Artifacts to Italy. NY Times August 1, 2007
- - museum has agreed to return items Italy contends were looted, including "a statue of a cult deity usually identified as Aphrodite, one of the Getty's prized pieces"
- Powell, S., C.E. Garza, and A. Hendricks
- 1993 Ethics and ownership of the past, the reburial and
repatriation controversy. In Archaeological Method and
Theory, vol. 5, edited by M.B. Schiffer, pp. 1-42.
- -
- Preston, Douglas
- 1995 The Mystery of Sandia Cave. The New Yorker 71(16)(Jan 22):66-83
- - doubts about Sandia and Hibben
- Preston, Douglas
- 1999. Woody’s Dream. The New Yorker 75(34)(Nov 15):80-87.
- - recent lithic fake scandal
- Pringle, Heather
- 2006 The Master Plan. Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust. Viking Canada
- - "Very well written; about a third of it deals with WW11 Nazi looting of museums and other cultural institutions."
R
- Raab, L. Mark
- 1984 Achieving Professionalism through Ethical Fragmentation: Warnings from Client-Oriented Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 51-61. New York: The Free Press.
- - responsibilities to the profession
- Raab, L. Mark
- 1984 Toward an Understanding of the Ethics and Values of Research Design in Archaeology. In Ethics and Values in Archaeology, edited by Ernestene L. Green, pp. 75-88. New York: The Free Press.
- - responsibilities to the profession
- Ravenhill, Philip L.
- 1995 Beyond reaction and denunciation: appropriate action
to the crisis of archaeological pillage.
African Arts 28(4):56-8
- - Recommends creation of a database of African (Mali) history to include information on stolen artifacts residing in American museums.
- Reid, J. Jefferson
- ?? anyone know of an editorial on this topic...??
- - editor of American Antiquity decided to stop publishing articles which might elevate value of looted antiquities
- Register of Professional Archaeologists (ROPA)
- n.d. Code of Conduct & Bylaws
- - http://www.rpanet.org/conduct.htm
- Renfrew, Colin
- 2000 Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis
in Archaeology. Duckworth Debates in Archaeology. London: Duckworth.
- - (from back cover) "Professor Renfrew reviews some prominent recent scandals...The illicit antiquities trade has turned London along with other international centres into a 'thieves' kitchen' where greed triumphs over serious appreciation of the past. Unless a solution is found to this ethical crisis in archaeology, our record of the past will be vastly diminished. The book lays bare the misunderstanding and hypocrisy that underlie that crisis."
- Renfrew, Colin
- 1993 Collectors are the real looters.
Archaeology 46(3):16-17
- - response to Ricardo Elia, Archaeology Jan-Feb 1993 review of his book (reprinted in 1996 - see above): Ricardo Elia's stance was that looting is caused by the market created by collectors, scholars, and museums. Renfrew feels that collectors cause more harm than scholars and museums since their purpose is pleasure rather than education.
- Rice, Prudence
- ?? anyone know of an editorial on this topic...??
- - editor of Latin American Antiquity decided to stop publishing articles which might elevate value of looted antiquities
- Ridgway, Brunilde S. and Tamara S. Wheeler
- 1978 "editorial statement" American Journal of Archaeology
82:1.
- - AIA editors resolve not to publish articles or reports based on artifacts acquired in contravention of UNESCO 1970 convention
- Rieth, Adolf
- 1970 Archaeological Fakes. Praeger Publishers, New York.
- Robinson, Walter V.
- 1998 Italy calls N.Y. museum's prized collection stolen. Boston Globe April 17 p.A01
- - Italian government charges the Met is in possession of a stolen collection of 3rd Century BC Hellenistic silver artifacts from the Greek city-state of Morgantina in central Sicily
- Robinson, Walter V.
- 1998 Museums' stance on Nazi loot belies
their role in a key case. Boston Globe February 13 p.A01
- - directors of four US museums promise reform and return of any works stolen during WWII, but at same time plan to overturn new laws regarding looted/stolen objects
- Romboy, Dennis
- 1999
Pothunters have formidable foe. Deseret News February 04
- - describes how a US Forestry Service detective solved a large-scale, case of pothunting where an entire prehistoric cave site in Utah was destroyed
- Rose, J.C. & D. Burke
- 2004 "Making Money from buried treasure" Culture Without Context 14: 4-8
- -
- Rose, Mark and Ozgen Acar
- 1995 Turkey's war on the illicit antiquities trade.
Archaeology 48(2):45-56.
- - Turkey has been ravaged by collectors; takes a strong stance against US museums
- Rosenswig, Robert M.
- 1997 Ethics in Canadian archaeology: an international, comparative
analysis. Journal of Canadian Archaeology 21:99-114
- - compares the Canadian Archaeological Association statement on ethics with those of other national and international associations
- - also see Alison Wylie's comments in the same issue
- - compares the Canadian Archaeological Association statement on ethics with those of other national and international associations
- Ross, Doran H.
- 1995 Disturbing history: protecting Mali's cultural
heritage African Arts 28(4):1,6,9,10.
- - "First Word" editorial section: about looting of Mali's cultural artifacts and this special issue of the journal
- Roxan, David and Ken Wanstall
- 1965 The Rape of Art: The Story of Hitler's Plunder of the Great Masterpieces of Europe.
New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.
- -
- Royal Academy of Arts
- 1995 "Africa: the art of a continet": the dilemma of display
African Arts 28(4):59.
- - about looting of Mali's cultural artifacts and problems of a museum displaying antiquities
S
- Sassoon, David
- 1989 Considering the Perspective of the Victim: The Antiquities of
Nepal. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture?
Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.61-72.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - case studies of "victim's perspectives"
- Satterwaithe, Linton, Jr.
- 1958, The Problem of Abnormal Stela Placements at Tikal and Elsewhere. Museum Monographs Tikal Report no. 3. University of Pennsylvania, Philadephia, Pennsylvania.
- Schmidt, Peter R. and Roderick J. McIntosh (eds.)
- 1996 Plundering Africa's Past. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
- - A number of chapters describe the theft of Africa's cultural heritage.
- Schuster, A. M. H.
- 1997 The Search for Site Q. Archaeology 50(5): 42-45
- Schuster, A. M. H.
- 1997 A run for their lives. Archaeology 50(5): 47
- Seligman, Thomas K.
- 1989 The Murals of Teotihuacan: A Case Study of Negotiated Restitution.
In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose
Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.73-84. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
- - case studies of "victim's perspectives"
- Shanks, H.
- 1985 A radical proposal: archaeologists should sell ancient
artifacts. Biblical Archaeology Review 11(1): 24.
- - suggests some surplus artifacts should be sold to raise money
- Shanks, H.
- 1985 Dubitante no more - BAR to accept ads
for Near Eastern antiquities. Biblical Archaeology Review
11(4): 6-7.
- - editors decide to accept ads which promote sale of antiquities
- Shanks, H.
- 1985 The sale of artifacts by archaeologists
- an idea whose time has come. Biblical Archaeology Review
11(6): 6-7.
- - suggests some surplus artifacts should be sold to raise money
- Shanks, H.
- 1990 Should you patronize our advertisers?
Biblical Archaeology Review 16(5): 12-13.
- - editorial questioning motivation of some of BAR's advertisers
- Shanks, H.
- 1996 Who feeds the antiquities market?
Biblical Archaeology Review 22(3): 12-13.
- - examines what groups are responsible for encouraging the antiquities market, including museums
- Shanks, H.
- 1996 Magnificent obsession. Biblical Archaeology Review
22(3): 22-64.
- - about a collector and his large private collection
- Shapiro, Daniel
- 1995 The ban on Mali's antiquities: a matter of law.
African Arts 28(4):42-51.
- - The US ban on the import of Mali's antiquities is ineffective because it does not prevent purchase by countries who do not follow the Convention. Practical steps to protect cultural property must address the various interests involved.
- Shestack, Alan
- 1989 The Museum and Cultural Property: The Transformation of
Institutional Ethics. In The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property:
Whose Culture? Whose Property? edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger,
pp.93-102. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- - options in the "cultural steward question"
- Sidibé, Samuel
- 1995 The pillage of archaeological sites in Mali.
African Arts 28(4):52-55.
- - Large-scale looting in Mali threatens their cultural patrimony and the potential to understand the area's history. International trade that encourages this problem is complex, including locals and networks of distributors. The public must become more sensitive to the value of this heritage.
- Sifontes, Francis Polo
- 1983, La depredación arqueológia, tragedia de la cultura. Mesoamérica. 4(15): 277-280
- Simpson, Elizabeth
- 2005 Tall Tales: Celts, Connoisseurs, and the Fabrication of Archaeological Context. Source XXIV:2 (2005): 28-41.
- - "The historical and on-going efforts of scholars and curators to fabricate context for looted archaeological objects."
- 2004 A Perfect Imitation of the Ancient Work: Ancient Jewelry and Castellani Adaptations. In The Castellani and Italian Archaeological Jewelry edited by S. Walker and S. Soros, 201-226. New York: Bard Graduate Center.
- - "The problem of "antiquarian archaeology," which was often essentially looting, and the legacy it has left us today."
- 1999 Review article: Ancient Gold Jewelry at the Dallas Museum; Ancient Jewelry and Archaeology. Journal of Design History 12:3 (1999): 293-97.
- - "The problem of looted ancient jewelry, which is most of the ancient jewelry available for study today, and the poor scholarship that has resulted from the study of these objects in the absence of their archaeological context."
- 1997 The Spoils of War--World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Abrams.
- - "A comprehensive publication of the 1995 symposium of the same name, which includes a wide variety of articles pertaining to the looting that took place as a result of WW II; the Soviet trophy brigades; the controversy of "Priam's Treasure," taken out of Turkey by Schliemann and now in Russia; as well as 17 legal appendices relating to looting issues and the protection of cultural property."
- - "The historical and on-going efforts of scholars and curators to fabricate context for looted archaeological objects."
- Simpson, Moira G.
- 1996 Making Representations: Museums in the Post-Colonial Era.
London; New York: Routledge.
- The author: "the text deals with cultural politics in museums, including repatriation issues and the establishment of indigenous and community museums, and covers developments in USA, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand".
- Smith, George S., John E. Ehrenhard (editors)
- 1991 Protecting the Past. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- includes the floowing (listed separately):
"The destruction of archaeological sites and data" by Paul R. Nickens
"Some dimensions of the pothunting problem" by Thomas F. King
"Looting and vandalism of archaeological resources on federal and Indian lands in the United States" by Martin E. McAllister - includes the floowing (listed separately):
- Society for American Archaeology
- 1996 Society for American Archaeology principles of
archaeological ethics. American Antiquity 61(3): 451-452.
- - SAA establishes its own code of ethics and standards (links to Web pages follow)
- Sommerville, Quentin
- 2007 Ancient ship raised from S China Sea BBC News 21 December 2007
Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7156581.stm
- - "Chinese archaeologists have raised a merchant ship which sank in the South China Sea 800 years ago while transporting a cargo of precious porcelain. ... China has invested about $40m in this project, in the hope of reclaiming a part of the country's history, and this time ensuring it stays in Chinese hands."
- Specht, Sanne
- 2007 Treasure hunt: Digging for trouble (Southern Oregon) Mail Tribune November 18, 2007. Online: http://www.mailtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071118/NEWS/711180323
- - "Backyard treasure hunters beware. A little-known Oregon statute makes it illegal for anyone to intentionally unearth artifacts more than 75 years old without a permit from the state — even on private property."
- Spence, E. Lee
- 1997 Capitalism Versus Socialism in Underwater Archaeology (1992, revised 1997). Available online: http://www.shipwrecks.com/ethics_in_underwater_archaeology.htm.
- - poses the classic debate in economc terms, rather than 'looter' versus 'professional'; some commercial practitioners are cast as "capitalist arcaheologists" in contrast with government-employed "socialist archaeologists"
- Steponaitis, Vin
- 1998 Update on ROPA.
SAA Bulletin
16(1):2,18.
- SAA and SHA pass ROPA proposal - ROPA will now become a reality, an independent, non-profit organisation
- for more background see article in SAA Bulletin 15(3):61-4 and the SAA Web site link(s) below
- SAA and SHA pass ROPA proposal - ROPA will now become a reality, an independent, non-profit organisation
- Stille, Alexander
- 2002 The Future of the Past. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- - contains a chapter on looting at Morgantina (Sicily), the Morgantina silver hoard at the Metropolitan Museum, and archaic sculptures once in the Templesman Collection.
- Stuart, George E.
- 1989 Working Together to Preserve Our Past. In The Ethics
of Collecting Cultural Property: Whose Culture? Whose Property?
edited by Phyllis Mauch Messenger, pp.243-252. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press.
- - round table on working out differences
- Swanson, Charles R., Neil C. Chamelin, and Leonard Territo,
- 1992 Criminal Investigation 5th edition. NY: McGraw-Hill.
- Robert Hicks "The chapter on the looting of archeological sites contains the best published guide on investigative methods for law enforcement officers that I know of."
- "swivelchair"
- 2008 How powerful people avoid criminal labels: steroids, backdating and stolen museum artifacts Neurological Correlates Feb 18, 2008 (online).
- - This blog entry discusses how white collar criminals avoid being labeled as criminals, correlating Jose Canseco's sports drug-use story with the theft and display of artifacts by museums, citing a 2007 legal case study by Mackenzie and Green
T
- Talbot, Ann
- 2003 "US government implicated in planned theft of Iraqi artistic treasures" World Socialist Web Site 19 April 2003 Accessed Dec 8, 2006.
- - implicates US government in looting of Iraqi museums
- Tay, Alice Erh Soon
- 1985 "Law and the cultural heritage".
in Who owns the past? : papers from the annual symposium
of the Australian Academy of the Humanities edited by Isabel
McBryde, pp. 107-138. New York: Oxford University Press.
- - addresses legal issues surrounding ownership of cultural artifacts, with international coverage of laws such as "Treasure Trove" and property rights
- Timpson, Trevor
- 2007 Fear and fury among the Marbles BBC News Viewed: September 12 2007. Online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6986756.stm
- - computer restoration of the Elgin marbles by the British Museum, plus links to more stories in the BBC News
- Tower, Howard B., Jr.
- 1994 Common ground: treasure hunters and archaeologists.
Treasure Quest Magazine 5(3):69-71
- - suggests professional treasure hunteres and archaeologists should work together (underwater)
- Tower, Howard B., Jr.
- 1984 The battle for America's sunken treasure.
Skin Diver 35(1):108-113
- - from the article: "Extreme positions taken by individuals of both sides have clouded the major issues and built a wall of animosity difficult to breach by clear thinking individuals in both camps."
- Trinkley, Michael
- 1995. Site Records in the Southeast: an Overview of Preservation Efforts
and Challenges. In David G. Anderson and Virginia Horak (eds),
Archaeological Site File Management: a Southeastern Perspective.
Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series No. 3.
Tallahassee, FL: Southeast Archeological Center.
- - Discusses site preservation effors and challenges (human & natural) in the US Southeast.
- - See http://anthro.org/sfm18.htm for a text copy that includes tables but no graphics.
- - Discusses site preservation effors and challenges (human & natural) in the US Southeast.
- Trupp, Philip
- 1983 Ancient shipwrecks yield both prizes and bitter conflict.
Smithsonian 14:79-89
- - discusses both sides to underwater archaeology, incl. concerns over access, scholarly versus real value of artifacts, and the potential for a common ground
- Tubb, K.W. (editor)
- 1995 Antiquities trade or betrayed, legal, ethical, and
conservation issues. ArcheType Publications, London.
- - increased value of antiquities has lead to looting of more archaeological sites
- Tunnell, Curtis
- 1979 Don't Be a Knapping Vandal. Lithic Technology 8(1), also reprinted as untitled letter, Flintknappers' Exchange 2(2):2 (1979),and in Bulletin of Primitive Technology 5:71 (1993).
- - site destruction by knappers seeking stone
U
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- 1976 Convention on the means of prohibiting and preventing the
illicit import, export, and transfer of cultural property. Journal of
Field Archaeology 3:217-220.
- - the famous "1970 Convention" which protests illicit trade in antiquities etc.
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- 1992 Vandalism: Research, Prevention and Social Policy.
General Technical Report PNW-GTR-293. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- Robert Hicks "Perhaps not the most useful publication for deriving investigative strategies for law enforcement officers, this pub nevertheless has insightful articles about vandalism, incl. at least one on vandalism of rock art."
V