Date: Wed, 2 Nov 94 14:32:47 EST From: mbathrick@VNET.IBM.COM Below, I've attached the latest bibliography. It is now about 1350 lines, about 25% larger than the last version. Thanks for handling this. ------ Bibliography of Funeral and Burial Practices ------------ -- ------- --- ------ --------- The following Bibliography contains information compiled by Michael D. Bathrick(mbathrick@vnet.ibm.com), an independent researcher, and Charles M. Niquette(CMNIQUETTE@aol.com) of Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., Lexington, KY and is copyright 1994 by them. Permission is hereby granted to use this information in any non-profit manner whatsoever, as long as proper acknowledgements are made. Selection of materials is based on the interests of the compilers, mostly United States and from there, mostly Northeastern United States. Puritan studies take up the preponderance of that mostly because the great majority of such studies in the United States are Puritan based. The second section of this work is mostly notes and pointers towards other works which have not been followed up on by the compilers, and have been included to aid in further investigations into the subject. BIBLIOGRAPHY ------------ Aaron, Jean E., J. Rogers and J. A. Kanis 1992 Paleohistology of Paget's Disease in Two Medieval Skeletons. Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89:325-331. Abatelli, Carol 1991 Ethics of Reburial: Perspectives from Southern New England. M. A. Thesis, Manhattanville College, State University of New York, Purchase. 1993 Ethics of Reburial: Two Case Studies from Southern New England. Man in the Northeast 45, pp. 87-100 Agosta, Lucien L. 1985 Speaking Stones: New England Grave Carving and the Emblematic Tradition. Markers III: The Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, pp. 47-70 American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1987 Whole journal dedicated to the excavation of African American cemeteries and the resulting information on Reconstruction, Slavery etc. Anderson, Trevor, J. Wakely and A. Carter 1992 Medieval Example of Metastatic Carinoma: A Dry Bone, Radiological, and SEM Study. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89:307-323. Aries, Phillipe. 1974 Western Attitudes Towards Death from the Middle Ages to the Present. Association for Gravestone Studies ???? Regional Guide 1: Narragansett Bay Area Graveyards. Association for Gravestone Studies 1986 Regional Guide 2: Long Island, New York Graveyards (Including Lower Manhattan Island). Association for Gravestone Studies Aufherheide, Arthur C., F. D. Neiman, L. E. Wittmers, Jr., and G. Rapp 1981 Lead in Bone II: Skeletal-Lead Content as an Indicator of Lifetime Lead Ingestion and the Social Correlates in an Archaeological Population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 55:285-291. Bada JL, Herrman B, Payan TL & Man EH 1989 "Amino acid racemization in bone and the boiling of the German Emperor Lothar I" Applied Geochemistry 4(3):325-327 Baker, F. Joanne, Daniel Farber and Anne G. Giesecke 1980 Recording Cemetery Data. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 99-118 Baldwin, E. A. and R. W. Cook 1959 Essex County Gravestones: the Old Newark Burial Ground. Genealogical Magazine of New Jersey, XXIV p. 13-21 Barba, Preston Albert 1954 Pennsylvania German Tombstones: A Study in Folk Art. The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society, Allentown, PA 1955 Folk Art on Pennsylvania German Tombstones. The Historical Society of Berks County 20 Bartel, B. 1982 A Historical Review of Ethnological and Archaeological Analyses of Mortuary Practice. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:32-58. Bell, Edward L. 1990 The Historical Archaeology of Mortuary Behavior: Coffin Hardware from Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Historical Archaeology 24(3):54-78. 1994 Vestiges of Mortality and Remembrance: A Bibliography on the Historical Archaeology of Cemeteries. Scarecrow Press, 52 Liberty Street, Box 4167, Metuchen, NJ 08840. Ph. 800-537-7107 indexed bibliography of some 1600 reports on historical cemeteries. Benes. Peter 1973 John Wight: The Hieroglyph Carver of Londonderry. Old-Time New England 64(2) pp. 31-41 1973 Lt John Hartshorn, Stone Carver of Haverhill and Norwich. Essex Institute Historical Collections 109, pp. 152-164 1973 Abel Webster: Pioneer, Patriot and Stonecutter. Historical New Hampshire 28, pp. 221-40 1975 Additional Light on Wooden Grave Markers. Essex Institute Historical Collections 111(1): 53-64 1976 Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art. 1976 The Characture Hypothesis Re-examined: the Animated Skull as a Puritan Folk Image. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 57-67 1977 The Masks of Orthodoxy: Folk Gravestone Carving in Plymouth County. Massachusetts, 1689-1805. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA. 1978 Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II. 1985 A Particular Sense of Doom: Skeletal 'Revivals' in Northern Essex County, Massachusetts: 1737-1784. Markers III: The Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, pp. 71-92 Benes, Peter and James Caulfield 1978 Connecticut Gravestones XV: the Manning Imitators. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin, 43(1):1-16 Bense, Judith A. 1989 Pilot Test of Ground Penetrating Radar, St. Michael's Cemetery, Pensacola, Florida. Institute of West Florida Archaeology, Reports of Investigations 22, University of West Florida, Pensacola. Benson, Donna Lynn 1985 "Prepare for Death and Follow Me": Perceptions of Death in Pleasant Bottoms. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology, Donald B. Ball and Philip J. Diblasi, editors, Archaeological Survey, University of Louisville, pp. 48-54. Benson, Esther Fisher 1963 The History of the John Stevens Shop. Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society, 112, p. 3-33 1980 The John Stevens Shop. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p.81-84 Boase, T. S. R. 1972 Death in the Middle Ages. New York, McGraw-Hill Bowman, Leroy Edward. 1973 The American Funeral: a Study in Guilt, Extravagance and Sublimity. Brooke, John L. 1978 A Descriptive Survey if Gravestone Carving in Central Berkshire County in the Late Eighteenth Century. Typescript in the Berkshire Athenaeum, Pittsfield, MA. Found in a binder labeled Misc. Vital Records, Berkshire County Towns. Brown, David 1993 Uncovering a Therapy from the Grave. The Washington Post, October 25, 1993 p. A3 Brown, J.A. (editor) 1971 Approaches to the Social Dimensions of Mortuary Practices. Memoirs No. 35. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C. Bryan H. (BPH3213@acs.tamu.edu) 1994 Personal Communication 'Although a bit of a Stretch, you might be able to cite James Deetz's work on gravestones in defense of cemeteries as sources of anthropological inquiry. He was able to use them to demonstrate behavioral shifts. Also, depending upon the age of the cemetery, it would provide valuable material to study clothing of classes not well documented, as well as the biological/medical realm. Personally, I find it astounding you would have to defend a cemetery as an archaeological resource. I mean, there would be no questioning of it if it were prehistoric, would there? But as an Historical Archaeologist, I've seen that attitude of 'we already know' it many times!' Buckeye, Nancy 1976 Early American Gravestone Studies: The Structure of the Literature. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 130-136 1976 Bibliography of Gravestone Studies. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 137-141 Burchard, Linda 1988 Tales from the Grave. Berkshire (County, MA) Eagle, April 23, 1988 - "the Irish gravestones of Michael Mullaney" Burgess, Frederick 1963 English Churchyard Memorials. London, Lutterworth Press Burns, Stanley B. 1990 Sleeping Beauty: Memorial Photography in America. Twelve Trees Press Butler, R. Stockton 1994 Personal Communication Worked in North Carolina with NC Office of State Archaeology. Documented various abandoned cemeteries. Documented each site location, elevation, soil composition, arrangement of graves, water proximity, and other data. Purpose was to: observe the patterns of Southern Folk cemeteries and their arrangement, dispersion and abandonment. Cannon, A. 1989 The Historical Dimension in Mortuary Expressions of Status and Sentiment. Current Anthropology 30:437-458. Caulfield, Ernest 1951 Connecticut Gravestones I. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 16(1):1-5 (George Griswald) 1951 Connecticut Gravestones II. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 16(4):25-31 (the Stanclifts - William, James, James II, James III) 1952 Connecticut Gravestones II continued. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 17(1):1-6 1953 Connecticut Gravestones III. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 18(4):25-31 (Ebenezer Drake) 1954 Connecticut Gravestones IV. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 19(4):105-108 ('the Glastonbury Lady') 1956 Connecticut Gravestones V. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 21(1):1-21 (the Thomas Johnsons - I, II, III) 1958 Connecticut Gravestones VI. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 23(2):23-39 (Joseph Johnson) 1960 Connecticut Gravestones VII. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 25(1):1-6 ('the Bat') 1962 Connecticut Gravestones VIII. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 27(3):76-84 (the Mannings - Josiah, Rockwell, Frederick) 1963 Connecticut Gravestones IX. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 28(1) (Benjamin Collins) 1965 Connecticut Gravestones X. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 30(1):11-17 (Charles Dolph) 1966 Connecticut Gravestones XI. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 31(1):24-29 (David Lamb) 1967 Connecticut Gravestones XII. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 32(3):65-79 (John Hartshorn and Joshua Hempstead) 1975 Connecticut Gravestones XIII. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 40(2):33-45 (the Kimballs - Richard, Lebbus, Chester) 1976 Connecticut Gravestones XIV. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 41(2):33-56 (the Bucklands - William, Peter) 1980 Wanted, the Hook and Eye Man. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 12-50 Caulfield, Ernest and James Slater 1974 The Colonial Gravestone Carvings of Obediah Wheeler. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 84, pp. 73-103 Chase, Theodore and Laural Gabel 1985 The Colburn Connections: Hollis, New Hampshire Stonecarvers: 1780-1820. Markers III: The Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, pp. 93-146. 1990 Gravestone Chronicles: Some Eighteenth-Century New England Carvers and Their Work. New England Historic Genealogic Society, Boston. Cohen-Williams, A. 1994 Personal Communication Things that are not included in written records are grave goods. Historic graves often yield jewelry, rosaries, crosses, etc., as well as articles of clothing, i.e. buttons, etc. Coffin, Margaret M. 1976 Death in Early America: the History and Folklore of Customs and Superstitions of Early Medicine, Funerals, Burials and Mourning. Cole, Pamela. 1894 "Early New England Funeral Customs" Journal Of American Folklore 7. Corbett, Theodore Graham and Cynthia Arps Corbett 1983 Europeans on the Frontier: Scotch Irish Burial Stones in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Folklife 32, pp. 59-63 Corruccini, Robert S., J. S. Handler, R. J. Mutaw, and F. W. Lange 1982 Osteology of a Slave Burial Population from Barbados, West Indies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 59:443-459. Corruccini, Robert S., J. S. Handler and K. P. Jacobi 1985 Chronological Distribution of Enamel Hypoplasias and Weaning in a Caribbean Slave Population. Human Biology, Gabriel W. Lasker, ed., Wayne State University Press, 57:699-711. Cotter, John et al. 19?? The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia. "On excavated cemeteries" Coolidge, Charles Allerton. 1919 A Monograph on the Gravestones in Boston and Vicinity. Cooper, Gilbert. 1959 Symbolism in the Bible and the Church. Cooper, Zachery 1994 Pleasant Ridge: A Link between the Past and Present. UMOJA: African American News for the Madison (WI) Area. 5(2) p. 8-9, 22 Corbitt, Theodore Graham and Cynthia Arps Corbett. 1982/3 "Europeans on the Frontier: Scotch Irish Burial Stones in Pennsylvania" Pennsylvania Folklife 32 . Crissman, James K. 1994 Death and Dying in Central Appalachia: Changing Attitudes and Practices. Curtis, A. C. and O. S. Philpott 1964 Prenatal Syphilis. Med. Clin. North Am, 48:707-719. Davidson, T. D. 1955 "The Untilled Field" Agricultural History Review 3. Deetz, James. 1977 In Small Things Forgotten. Deetz, James F. And Edwin S. Dethlefsen. 1967 "Death's Head, Cherub, Urn And Willow" Natural History 76(3). 1971 "Some Social Aspects of New England Mortuary Art" Memoirs, Society For American Archaeology 25. Dethlefsen, Edwin S. 1969 "Colonial Gravestones and Demography" American Journal Of Physical Anthropology 31(3). 1981 The Cemetery and Culture Change: Archaeological Focus and Ethnographic Perspective. In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, edited by R. Gould and M. Schiffer, pp. 137-159. Academic Press, New York. Dethlefsen, Edwin S. And James F. Deetz. 1966 "Death's Heads, Cherubs, and Willow Trees: Experimental Archaeology in Colonial Cemeteries" AMERICAN ANTIQUITY 35(3). Dethlefsen, Edwin S. And James F. Deetz. 1967 "Eighteenth Century Cemeteries: A Demographic View" Historical Archaeology 1 . Dethlefsen, Edwin S. And Kenneth Jackson. 1977 "Social Commentary from the Cemetery" NATURAL HISTORY 87(6). Dethlefson, E. 1992 'Strange Attractors and the Cemetery Set' in A.E. Yentsch and M. Beaudry (eds) The Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz. CRC Press: Boca Raton. p.149 -164. Devine, Al 1994 The Early Settlement Gravestone Art of Thomas Buckley and Edwin Dudley in Two Counties of Southern Wisconsin: an Example of Iconotropic Research for Art Education. prepublication copy. Dickens, Roy (ed.). 1982 Archaeology of Urban America: the Search for Pattern and Process. Dirks, R. 1978 Resource Fluctuations and Competitive Transformations in West Indian Slave Societies. In Extinction ad Survival in Human Populations, C. D. Laughlin and I. A. Brady, editors, pp. 122-180, Columbia University, New York. Duval, Francis Y. And Ivan B. Rigby. 1970 Early American Gravestone Art. 1976 Silent Art of Our Past. American Art Review III (6) p. 71-85 1980 Openwork Memorials of North Carolina. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 63-76 Eakins, J. Kenneth 1993 Tell El-Hesi: The Muslim Cemetery in Fields V and VI/IX (Stratum II). edited by John R. Spencer and Kevin G. OConnell, S.J. The Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi: Vol 5. IN Eisenbrauns. field research from 1970-1983, American school of Oriental Research. Excavation and publication of skeletal material and associated artifacts. Earle, Alice Morse. 1893 Customs and Fashions in Old New England. NY, Scribners Elia, Ricardo J. and Al B. Wesolowsky (editors) 1992 Excavations at the Uxbridge Almshouse Burial Ground in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. BAR International Series 564. temvs Reparatvm: Oxford. Emlen, Robert P. 1980 Protective Custody: The Museum's Responsibility for Gravestones. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 143-148 Erickson, M.F. and A.I. Stix 1991 Histologic Examination of Age of the First African Baptist Church Adults. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85:247-252. Esdaile, Katharine 1927 English Monumental Sculpture since the Renaissance. NY, McMillan Fales, Martha G. 1964 "The Early American Way of Death" Essex Institute HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS 100 . Farber, Daniel. 1975 "Massachusetts Gravestones" ANTIQUITIES 107(6). 1976 Photography of Early Gravestone Art. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 123-129 Farber, Jessie Lie 1980 Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies University Press of America, Lanham, MD Forbes, Harriet M. 1927 Gravestones of Early New England and the Men who Made them. Reprint, 1967 Da Capo Press 1927 The Lamsons of Charlestown, Stone Cutters. Old-Time New England 17(3):125-138 Ford, Donald 1985 Abandoned and Semi-Active Cemeteries in Kansas. Higginson Books, Salem, Massachusetts. Forman, Benno 1968 A New Light on Early Grave Markers. Essex Institute Historical Collections 104 Foster, Stephen C. 1973 Gravestone Carving and Artistic Intent in Essex County. Old-Time New England, 64(2) pp. 42-54 1976 From Significant Incompetence to Insignificant Competence. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 33-40 Francaviglia, Richard V. 1971 The Cemetery as an Evolving Cultural Landscape. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 61:501-509. Franklin, Benjamin. ???? "Recipe for a New England Funeral Elegy" Gabel, Laurel 1994 The Last Voyage. Newsletter of the Association for Gravestone Studies 18(3):12-14 Gardner, Charles Carroll 1949 Essex County Coffin Makers. Genealogical Magazine of New Jersey, XXIV p. 80-81 Garvin, James L. and Donna Belle Garvin 1974 Stephen Webster, Gravestone Maker. Historical New Hampshire 29, pp. 93-104 Geary, Stephen 1840 Cemetery Designs for Tombs and Cenotaphs. London Geddes, Gordon E. 1981 Welcome Joy. George, Diana Hume and Malcolm A. Nelson 1980 Resurrecting the Epitaph. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p.85-98 Giesey, Ralph E. 1960 The Royal Funeral Ceremony in Renaissance France. Geneva, Librairie E. Droz Gillon, Edmond Vincent 1972 Victorian Cemetery Art. Gorman, Frederick and Michael DiBlasi 1976 Nonchronological Sources of Variation in the Seriation of Gravestone Motifs in the Northeast and Southeast Colonies. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 79-87 Greenhill, Thomas 1705 NEKPOKHDEIA: or the Art of Embalming. London Grossman, Loyd 1973 Heraldic Design on New England Gravestones. Old-Time New England 64(2) pp. 55-60 Hall, David D. 1976 The Gravestone Image as a Puritan Cultural Code. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 23-32 Handler, J.S., M.D. Conner, and K.P. Jacobi 1989 Searching for a Slave Cemetery in Barbados, West Indies: A Bioarchaeological and Ethnohistorical Investigation. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Research Paper No. 59, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. Harding, William E. 1976 Zerubbabel Collins' Successor and his work in Bennington County, Vermont. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 14-22. Harmon, A.M. and J.C. Rose 1989 Bioarchaeology of the Louisiana and Arkansas Study Area. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana, M.D. Jeter, J.C. Rose, I. Williams, Jr., and A.M. Harmon editors, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series No. 37, Fayetteville, pp.323-254. Harrah, Barbara K. And David F. Harrah 1976 Funeral Service: a Bibliography of Literature on its Past, Present and Future, the Various Means of Disposition and Memorialization. Hayward, K. P. 1950 List of Connecticut Stonecutters. Bulletin of the Connecticut Historical Society 15, pp. 1-5 Hosley, William N. Jr. 1978 The Rockingham Stonecarvers: Patterns of Stylistic Concentration and Diffusion in the Upper Connecticut River Valley, 1790-1817. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II, p. 66-78 Hosley, William and Shephard M. Holcombe, Sr. 199(4?) By Their Markers Ye Shall Know Them: A Chronicle of the History and Restorations of Hartford's Ancient Burying Ground. The Ancient Burying Ground Association, Inc, Hartford, CT. Sold by the Connecticut Historical Society. Iscan, Mehmet Yasar, and K. A. R. Kennedy 1989 Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York. Jackson, Charles O. (ed.). 1977 Passing: the Vision of Death in America. Jackson, Kenneth T. 1989 Silent Cities: The Evolution of the American Cemetery. Jackson, Kenneth T. And Camilos Jose Vegara 1989 Silent Cities: the Evolution of the American Cemetery. Jackson, John B. 1967 "The Vanishing Epitaph: From Monument to Place" LANDSCAPE 17. Jackson, Percival E. 1937 The Laws of Cadavers and of Burial and Burial Places. Jacobi, Keith P., D. C. Cook, R. S. Corruccini, and J. S. Handler 1992 Congenital Syphilis in the Past: Slaves at Newtown Plantation. Barbados, West Indies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89:145-158. Jones, C. R. 1980 Ithamar Spauldin, Stonecarver of Concord, Massachusetts. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 51-56 Jordan, T.G. 1982 Texas Graveyards: A Cultural Legacy. University of Texas Press, Austin. Joseph, J.W., M.B. Reed and C.E. Cantley 1990 Agrarian life, romantic death: archeological testing and data recovery for the I-85 northern alternative, Spartanburg County, South Carolina. New South Associates Technical Report No. 39. Joseph, J. W., M. B. Reed, and C. E. Cantley 1991 Agrarian Life Romantic Death: Archaeological and Historical Testing and Data Recovery for the I-85 Northern Alternative, Spartanburg County, South Carolina. New South Associates Technical Report 39, Stone Mountain, Georgia. Juli, Harold 1991 The Excavation of a Human Burial along the Thames River, Southeastern Connecticut. Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 54, pp. 2-11 Kelley, J.O. and J.L. Angel 1987 Life Stresses of Slavery. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74:199-211. Kelly, Sue and Anne Williams 1983 "And the Men Who Made Them":The Signed Gravestones of New England. Markers II: The Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies. 1985 "And the Men Who Made Them": The Signed Gravestones of New England, 1984 Additions. Markers III: The Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, pp. 147-149 King, Julia A., B. W. Bevan, and R. J. Hurry 1993 The Reliability of Geophysical Surveys at Historic-Period Cemeteries: An Example from the Plains Cemetery, Mechanicsville, Maryland. Historical Archaeology, 27(3):4-16. Kull, Andrew. 1975 New England Cemeteries: a Collectors Guide. The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, VT Kunt, Erno ???? Folk Art in Hungarian Cemeteries. Latham, Roy 1957 Seventeenth Century Graves at Montauk, Long Island. The Coastal Archaeology Reader: Selections from the New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin, 1954-1977. Suffolk County Archaeological Association (1978), p. 6 1962 A Double Child Burial in Orient, Long Isalnd. The Coastal Archaeology Reader: Selections from the New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin, 1954-1977. Suffolk County Archaeological Association (1978), p. 37 1965 Late Indian Graves in Laural, Long Island. The Coastal Archaeology Reader: Selections from the New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin, 1954-1977. Suffolk County Archaeological Association (1978), p. 76 Levine, Gaynell S. 1978 Colonial Long Island Grave Stones: Trade Network Indicators 1670-1799. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II, p. 46-57 Lie, Jessie, Francis Y. Duval and William McGeer 1976 Stone Rubbing: Are Model Laws Needed? Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 92-105 Linden, Blanche M. G. 1980 The Willow Tree and Urn Motif. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 149-156 Little, Barbara J., Kim M. Lanphear, and Douglas W. Owsley 1992 Mortuary Display and Status in a Nineteenth-Century Anglo- American Cemetery in Manassas, Virginia. American Antiquity 57(3):397-418. "Information on medical practices, paleopathology, and coffin architecture (much more variable than headstones in this case). Good bibliography for Historic Cemeteries Excavations." Litt, Paul and Ronald Williamson 1993 Death at Snake Hill: (subtitle something like lessons from a war of 1812 cemetery. Dundurn Press. Hamilton (Ontario, Canada) Linden, Blanche 1980 The Willow Tree and Urn Motif: Changing Ideas About Death and Nature. Markers: Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies 1:149-155. Ludwig, Allan 1966 Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and its Symbols 1650-1805. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT Ludwig, Allan I. 1976 Eros and Agape: Classical and Early Christian Survivals in New England Stonecarving. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 41-56 Ludwig, Allan I. and David D. Hall 1978 Aspects of Music, Poetry, Stonecarving and Death in Early New England. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II, p. 18-24 McBride, Kevin A. 1989 Phase II Intensive Archaeological Survey, Cresent Beach Cemetery Sewer System Project, East Lyme, Connecticut. Ms., Public Archaeology Survey Team, Inc. McDonald, Frank E. 1976 Pennsylvania German Tombstone Art of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Folklife 25 McGuire, Randall H. 1988 Dialogues with the Dead: Ideology and the Cemetery. In The Recovery of Meaning: Historical Archaeology in the Eastern United States, Edited by M. Leone and R. Parker, pp. 435-480 Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C. "an example of how grave stone analysis can provide interesting data regarding the communities which erected them." Malmsheimer, Lonna M. 1973 New England Funeral Sermons and Changing Attitudes Towards Women, 1672-1792. unpub. dissertation, University of Minnesota Mather, Cotton 1713 A Christian Funeral. Boston Mayer, Lance 1978 An Alternative to Panofskyism: New England Grave Stones and the European Folk Art Tradition. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II, p. 5-17 1980 The Care of Old Cemeteries and Gravestones. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 119-142 Maynard, Julaine 1980 Wisconsin's Wrought Iron Markers. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 77-80 Meyer, Richard E. (ed.). 1989 Cemeteries and Gravemarkers: Voices of American Culture. Meyer, Richard E. 1993 Etnicity and the American cemetery. Bowling Greene State University Popular Press. Millard, Andrew 1994 Personal Communication  There have been some important excavations of some church burials in the U.K. You might look at the reports on the excavations at Spitalfields, London - published by the Council for British Archaeology 1993. Article in British Archaeological News (Sept 1994) about an excavation inside a church where they recovered medieval textiles. There are very many possibilities if you can identify the individuals. See for example : Jeff Bada et al. in Applied Geochemistry 4(3): 325-327. Milmoe, James 1980 Colorado Wooden Markers. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 57-62 Mitford, Jessica. 1963 The American Way of Death. Simon and Schuster, NY Moeller, Roger W. 1987 Stone Walls, Stone Lines and Supposed Indian Graves. Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 50, pp.17-22 Molleson, Theya and Margaret Cox 1993 'The Spitalfields Project. Volume 2 - The Anthropology. The Middling Sort', with A H Waldron & D K Whittaker, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 86 (ISBN 1 872414 08 7) Moore, J. E. 1941 The Modern Treatment of Syphilis. Second Edition, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. Moore, Jerry, Cynthia Blaker, Grant Smith 1991 Cherished are the Dead: Changing Social Dimensions in a Kansas Cemetery. Plains Anthropologist 36(133):67-78. Mrozinski, Mary Anne 1980 Resources for the Classroom Teacher: an Annotated Bibliography. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 172-173 Muret, Pierre 1683 Rites of Funeral Ancient and Modern. trans. P. Lorrain. London 1679 Ceremonies funebies des Toutes les Nations. Paris National Register Bulletin Number 41 ???? Guidelines For Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places Neiman, Fraser D. 1990 Archaeological Test Excavations in the Center Church Crypt, New Haven, Connecticut. Ms., New Haven Crypt Association, Inc. Newman, John J. 1971 Cemetery Transcribing: Preparations and Procedures. Technical Leaflet 9. American Association for State and Local History. Nichols, Elaine 1989 The Last Miles of the Way: African American Homegoing Traditions, 1890-Present. South Carolina State Museum. Niquette, Charles M. 1987 A proposed SOPA policy of the treatment of human remains. Society of Professional Archeologists Newsletter Vol. 11, No. 4. Nutty, Coleen L. 1984 Cemetery Symbolism of Pariare Pioneers: Gravestone Art and Social Change in Story County, Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Archaeological Society 31:1-135. Old-Time New England 1973 Entire issue devoted to Gravemarkers. 64(2) Ortner, Donald J. and W. G. J. Putschar 1985 Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C. O'Shea, J.M. 1984 Mortality Variability, An Archaeological Investigation. Academic Press, New York. Owsley, D.W. 1990 The Skeletal Biology of North American Historical Populations. In A Life in Science: Papers in Honor of J. Lawrence Angel, J.E. Buikstra editor, Center for American Archaeology Scientific Papers 6, Kampsville, Illinois, pp.171-190. Owsley, D.W., R.W. Mann, and K.M. Lanphear 1990 Osteological Examination of Human Remains from the Charity Hospital/Cypress Grove II Cemetary, New Orleans, Louisiana. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Parker, Ann and Avon Neal 1976 Rubbings and their Place in the Study of New England Gravestones. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 106-122 Parker, Pearson M. 1982 Mortuary Practices, Society, and Ideology: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. In Symbolic and Structural Archaeology, Edited by I. Hodder, pp. 99-113. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Parrington, M. and D.G. Roberts 1990 Demographic, Cultural, and Bioanthropological Aspects of a Nineteenth Century Free Black Population in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In A Life in Science: Papers in Honor of J. Lawrence Angel, J.E. Buikstra editor, Center for American Archaeology Scientific Papers 6, Kampsville, Illinois, pp.138-170. Parrish, James 1984 Berkshire Gravestones and Their Carvers. Berkshire (County, Massachusetts) History, 4(2) p. 2-8 Pfeiffer, John 1994 Burials on the Crescent Beach Yacht Club, Niantic, Connecticut: There is Always a Lesson to be Learned. ASSEC News 2, pp. 2-9 Pfeiffer, John A. and Donald Malcarne 1989 An Investigation into the Ancient Burial Ground at Cresent Beach, Niantic, Connecticut. Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin 52, pp. 61-69 Poirer, David A. and Nicholas Bellantoni 1993 Connecticut's Preservation Mechanisms for the Protection of Native American and Colonial Burying Grounds. Cultural Resource Management, Jordan E. Kerber, ed., pp. 141-154, Westport, CT: Bergen & Garvey Pollack, D. editor 1990 The Archaeology of Kentucky: Past Accomplishments and Future Directions, Kentucky Heritage Council, State Historic Preservation Comprehensive Plan Report No. 1. Potter, E.W. and B.M. Boland 1992 Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Places. US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Interagency Resources Division, National Register Bulletin 41, Washington, DC. Powell, Mary Lucas 1988 Status and Health in Prehistory: A Case Study of the Moundville Chiefdom. Smisonian Institution Press, Washington D. C. Price, Larry 1966 Some Results and Implications of a Cemetery Study. Professional Geographer 18:201-207. Price, Marcus II 1991 Disputing the dead. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. Prime, Reverend Ebenezer 1744 A Sermon Preached in Oyster Bay, February 27, 1743/4 at the Funeral of Mrs. Freelove Wilmot. New York Prince, Thomas. 1728 The Grave and Death Destroyed. Puckle, Bertram S. 1926 Funeral Customs: their Origin and Development. Rmorgan@awod.com 1994 Personal Communication: There are a host of bioarchaeological questions, and other areas to consider. For example, the artistic nature of the graves, grave stones, landscape features, decorative arts, etc. On National Forests in S. Carolina, all cemeteries are given site numbers and National Register status. Rathbun, T.A. and J.D. Scurry 1991 Status and Health in Colonial South Carolina: Belleview Plantation, 1738-1756. In What Mean These Bones ?: Studies in Southeastern Archaeology. M.L. Powell, P.S. Bridges, and A.M.W. Mires editors, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp.148-164. Reeve, Jez and Max Adams 1993 'The Spitalfields Project. Volume 1 - The Archaeology. Across the Styx', , Council for British Archaeology Research Report 85 (ISBN 1 872414 07 9) Reinhard. Karl J., and A. M. Ghazi 1992 Evaluations of Lead Concentrations in 18th-Century Omaha Indian Skeletons Using ICP-MS. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89:183-195. Richardson. James B. III and Ronald C. Carslisle 1980 The Archaeological Significance of Mausoleums. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 157-166 Riley, Thomas J. amd Hak Soo Kwon 1992 Postmortem spouse residence in nineteenth century Illinois cemeteries: patterns of kinship and land tenure. Death Studies Volume 16, No. 2 Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. Rose, J.C. 1985 Gone to a Better Land: A Biohistory of a Rural Black Cemetery in the Post-reconstruction South. Research Series N. 25. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.describes the excavation and bioarchaeological analysis of an historic black cemetery in rural Arkansas. Also a discussion of NRHP status. Call the Survey, Nese: 501-575-3556, for more info. Ross, Nancy 1992 A Quantitative Skeletal Aging Technique Utilizing Histomorphometry of the Rib for Forensic and Bioarchaeological Investigators. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Methodist University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Ross-Stallings, Nancy 1989 Treponemal Syndrome at the Austin Site (22-Tu-549): A Preliminary Report. Mississippi Archaeology, 24(2):1-16. Samford, Patricia 1994 19th and 20th Century Gravestones: the Pottery Gravemarkers of Piedmont North Carolina. Newsletter of the Association for Gravestone Studies 18(3):3-4 Sauders, Shelley, C. DeVito, A. Herring, R. Southern, and R. Hoppa 1993 Accuracy Tests of Tooth Formation Age Estimations for Human Skeletal Remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 92:173-188. Schorsch, Anita 1976 Mourning Becomes America: Mourning Art in the New Nation. Main Street Press, Philadelphia Schutkowski, Holger 1993 Sex Determination of Infant and Juvenile Skeletons: I. Morphognostic Features. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90:199-205. Sharoff, Carole L. 1976 The Gloucester Experiment: Community Partnership and Preservation Strategies. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 88-91 Shogren, M.G., K.R. Turner, and J.C. Perroni 1989 Elko Switch Cemetery: An Archaeological Perspective. Alabama State Museum of Natural History, Division of Archaeology, Report of Investigations 58, Tuscaloosa. Showalter, Michael S. 1986 Carved in Stone: A Study of Tombstones in Cocalico. Journal of the Historical Society of the Cocalico Valley (Lancaster Co., PA) 11 pp. 25-44 Slater, James A. 1976 Principles and Methods for the Study of the Work of Individual Carvers. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 9-13. 1987 The Colonial Burying Grounds of Eastern Connecticut and the Men Who Made Them. Memoirs of the Connecticut Acadamy of Arts and Sciences 21 Slater, James A. and Ernest Caulfield 1983 The Loomis Carvers: Connecticut Gravestones XVI. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 48(4):142-167 Slater, James, Ralph L. Tucker and Daniel Farber 1978 The Colonial Gravestone Carvings of John Hartshorn. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II. 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Markers III: The Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies. pp. 1-46 Tashjian, Dickran 1978 Puritan Attitudes toward Iconoclasm. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II, p. 37-45 Tashjian, Dickran and Anna Teshjian. 1974 Memorials for Children of Change: the Art of Early New England Stonecarving. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT Thomas, D.H., S. South, and C.S. Larsen 1977 Rich Man, Poor Men: Observations on Three Antebellum Burials from the Georgia Coast. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 54(3):393-420. Tibensky, James W. 1977 The Colonial Gravestones of Western Connecticut. Master's Thesis University of Illinois at Chicago 1983 The Evolution of Motifs on Colonial Gravestones in Central and Western Connecticut. Forgotten Places and Things, Albert E. Ward, ed. pp.257-261 Center for Anthropological Studies, Albuquerque, NM Toombs, Lawrence E. 1985 Tell el-Hesi: Modern Military Trenching and Muslim Cemetery in Field I, Strata I-II, edited by Kevin G. OConnell, S.J. The Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi: Vol 2. Waterloo, ON: The Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Excavation and Detailed Publication of Skeletal Remains and Associated Grave Goods. Trask, Deborah 1978 "J.W." Folk Carver of Hants County, Nova Scotia. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1978: Puritan Gravestone Art II, p. 58-65 Trubowitz (editor) 19?? Clear Grove. Arkansas Archeological Survey pub. Waterford, Marjdie. 1991 "Funeral and Burial Customs: Past and Present" HERITAGE QUEST. Tucker, Ralph 1994 17th and 18th Century Gravestones and Carvers: What Death Dates can Tell us. Newsletter of the Association for Gravestone Studies 18(3):2 Tucker, Ralph L. and Fred W. Boughton 1984 By Their Lettering Shall Ye Know Them. 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The Center Church Crypt of New Haven, Connecticut: a Photographic Essay. Markers IX: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies Williams, Melvin 1980 Mystery, History and an Ancient Graveyard. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, p. 167-172 Willsher, Betty and Doreen Hunter 1979 Stones: 18th Century Scottish Gravestones. Taplinger Publishing Co., New York Wilson, John S ???? Purchase Delay, Pricing Factors, and Attribution Elements in Gravestones from the Shop of Ithamar Spauldin. Markers I: the Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies, pp. 104-131 Winkler, Louis 1973 Pennsylvania German Astronomy and Astrology IV: Tombstones. Pennsylvania Folklife 22 Wust, Klaus 1970 Folk Art in Stone, Southwestern Virginia. Shenandoah History, Edinburg, Virginia Zaniello, Thomas A. 1976 Clips from Hawthorne's Workshop: the Icon and Cultural Studies. Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife, Annual Proceedings 1976: Puritan Gravestone Art, p. 68-78 Zelinsky, William. 1975 "Unearthly Delights: Cemetery Names as a Key to The Map of the Changing Underworld" Geographies of the Mind: Papers in Honor of John K. Wright. Internet Resources -------- --------- Plunkett nd The New Haven Burying Ground: A Brief History of the Grove Street Cemetery. WWW: http://spirit.lib.uconn.edu/ArchNet/Topical/Historic/Grove_Street.html Notes, Thoughts, Incomplete Efforts ------ --------- ---------- ------- -------- Mark Schurr suggests that any historic cemetery excavations should consider sampling for stable isotope and trace element studies. He is interested in comparing and contrasting Historic Euroamerican and Pioneer site data to those data derived from study of Ft. Ancient and Mississippian skeletal populations. -------- Carrol Cowan-Ricks is finishing a dissertation (Ph.D. from Clemson) on African-American burial grounds. Her whereabouts is unknown, but she supposedly is writing. -------- Dan Roberts at John Milner & Associates: New York City GSA African- American cemetery. -------- Excavations in St. Louis by Gary Rex Walters: African-American cemetery. -------- There are several papers in the Parks Canada Research Bulletin series on burials, probably from the war of 1812 I think, excavated in Quebec. Unfortunatly I cannot access these right now. Dates in early 90s or late 80s. -------- Excavations at the Chapel of the Mohawks, Brantford, Ontario were carried out a few years ago. Information on publications might be available from the Woodland Indian Cultural Centre. Brantford, Ontario. -------- The excavation of the crypt at Christ Church, Spitalfields gave archaeologists and anthropologists a rare opportunity to study a collection of skeletons dating from 1729 to 1852, many found with details of their name, age and date of death. Most of the individuals were of Huguenot descent, who had lived in the Spitalfields area of London and worked in the flourishing silk industry. The results of the excavation have now been published in two monographs. Both reports can be obtained from the CBA address given below. Price 24 pounds each, or 45 pounds the pair. The excavations inside the church of St Nicholas's Sevenoaks in Kent unearthed about 500 burials dating from the 11th to the mid 19th century. This excavation features in the latest issue of 'British Archaeological News' (the CBA's regular magazine), and there is an editorial talking about the ethical issues involvedin excavating historic graves in the forthcoming (October) edition of the magazine. Further details of how to subscribe to BAN can also be obtained from the CBA. Dr Michael Heyworth, Information Officer/Deputy Director Council for British Archaeology Bowes Morrell House, 111 Walmgate, York YO1 2UA, UK Tel: +44 (0)904 671417 Fax: +44 (0)904 671384 Internet e-mail: 100271.456@compuserve.com or m.heyworth@bbcnc.org.uk ---------- Michael D. Bathrick (mbathrick@vnet.ibm.com) writes: Orientation of the grave often has cultural implications. In Stilgoe's Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845, several rules for orientation are given. "Lesser sinners, suicides and stillborn infants in more charitable parishes were buried inside churchyard walls. They lay north of the church, their perpetual penance marked by reversed headstones surmounting graves aligned north to south." Nowhere does he identify where he got this information, though he mentions many sources both before and after these lines. If anyone has these references, I would be glad to learn them. Other reasons for unusual alignment mentioned by Stilgoe include: o Witches buried outside hallowed ground, face down o Priests buried facing the congregation in order to watch over them o Suicides, murderers and other felons buried at crossroads, sometimes with a stake through the heart o Insane and actors are buried outside of consecrated ground The obvious problem with these statements are that they are valid only for specific ethnic groups, and perhaps only from those members of the ethnic group who came from within a small region, sometimes as small as a single village or even neighborhood. Laws (State) ---- ------- Massachusetts ------------- Sec. 71. Disinterring bodies. ---- --- ------------ ------- Whoever, not being lawfully authorized by the proper authorities, wilfully digs up, disinters, removes or conveys away a human body, or the remains thereof, or knowingly aids in such disinterment, removal or conveying away, and whoever is accessory thereto either before or after the fact, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than three years or in jail for not more than two and one-half years or by a fine of not more than four thousand dollars. Sec. 17. Preservation of Ancient Burial Places. ---- --- ------------ -- ------- ------ ------- A town shall not alienate or appropriate to any other use than that of a burial ground, any tract of land which has been for more than one hundred years used as a burial place; and no portion of such burial ground shall be taken for public use without special authority from the general court. "Burial place", as referred to in this section, shall include unmarked burial grounds known or suspected to contain the remains of one or more American Indian. -------------